Umoya ohlanzekile, amanzi kanye nenhlabathi enempilo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezindawo zemvelo ezisebenzisana ezindaweni ezine eziyinhloko zoMhlaba ukuze kusekelwe ukuphila. Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi zitholakala yonke indawo ezindaweni zemvelo futhi zivame ukutholakala enhlabathini, emanzini (kokubili okuqinile noketshezi) kanye nomoya ozungezile emazingeni angaphezu kwamazinga e-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Lezi zinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ziyadlula i-hydrolysis, i-photolysis, i-oxidation kanye ne-biodegradation, okuholela emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yokuguqulwa evame kakhulu njengezakhi zomzali wazo. Isibonelo, ama-90% abantu baseMelika bane-biomarker eyodwa okungenani yezibulala-zinambuzane emizimbeni yabo (kokubili izakhi zomzali kanye ne-metabolite). Ukuba khona kwezibulala-zinambuzane emzimbeni kungaba nomthelela empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezigaba zokuphila ezisengozini njengobuntwana, ubusha, ukukhulelwa kanye nokuguga. Izincwadi zesayensi zibonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane sekuyisikhathi eside zinemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni (isib. ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, umdlavuza, izinkinga zokuzala/zokuzalwa, ubuthi be-neurological, ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo, njll.) emvelweni (kufaka phakathi izilwane zasendle, izinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo yabantu). Ngakho-ke, ukuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane kanye ne-PD zazo kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni, kufaka phakathi imiphumela ohlelweni lwe-endocrine.
Isazi se-EU sabaphazamisi be-endocrine (kamuva) uDkt. Theo Colborne uhlukanise izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kuka-50 zezibulala-zinambuzane njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine (ED), okuhlanganisa namakhemikhali emikhiqizweni yasekhaya njengezinto zokuhlanza, izibulala-magciwane, amapulasitiki kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine kubusa kakhulu ezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ezifana ne-atrazine kanye ne-2,4-D, i-fipronil yezinambuzane ezifuywayo, kanye ne-dioxins ezitholakala ekukhiqizeni (TCDD). La makhemikhali angangena emzimbeni, aphazamise ama-hormone futhi abangele izinkinga zokukhula okubi, izifo, kanye nokuzala. Uhlelo lwe-endocrine lwakhiwe yizindlala (i-thyroid, i-gonads, i-adrenals, kanye ne-pituitary) kanye nama-hormone azikhiqizayo (i-thyroxine, i-estrogen, i-testosterone, kanye ne-adrenaline). Lawa ma-hormone kanye nama-hormone ahambisana nawo alawula ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhula, ukuzala, kanye nokuziphatha kwezilwane, okuhlanganisa nabantu. Izinkinga ze-endocrine ziyinkinga eqhubekayo futhi ekhulayo ethinta abantu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yalokho, abameli baphikisana ngokuthi le nqubomgomo kufanele iphoqelele imithetho eqinile ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane futhi iqinise ucwaningo ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside yokuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane.
Lolu cwaningo lungenye yeziningi eziqaphela ukuthi imikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane inobuthi obufanayo noma isebenza kahle kakhulu kunezakhi zomzali wazo. Emhlabeni wonke, i-pyriproxyfen (Pyr) isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni omiyane futhi iyona kuphela i-pesticide evunyelwe yi-World Health Organization (WHO) yokulawula omiyane ezitsheni zamanzi okuphuza. Kodwa-ke, cishe zonke izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ze-TP Pyrs zinomsebenzi wokuqeda i-estrogen egazini, ezinso nasesibindini. I-Malathion iyi-insecticide ethandwayo evimbela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ezicutshini zezinzwa. Ukuvinjelwa kwe-AChE kuholela ekuqongeleleni kwe-acetylcholine, i-neurotransmitter yamakhemikhali ephethe ukusebenza kobuchopho nemisipha. Lokhu kuqongelelana kwamakhemikhali kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi njengokushukuma okusheshayo okungalawuleki kwemisipha ethile, ukukhubazeka kokuphefumula, ukuxhuzula, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, nokho, ukuvinjelwa kwe-acetylcholinesterase akucaci, okuholela ekusabalaleni kwe-malathion. Lokhu kuyingozi enkulu ezilwaneni zasendle kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Ngamafuphi, ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ama-TP amabili e-malathion anemiphumela ephazamisayo ye-endocrine ekuvezweni kwezakhi zofuzo, ukukhishwa kwama-hormone, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-glucocorticoid (ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha). Ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwe-pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwama-TP amabili anobuthi kakhulu andise ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuphindwe ka-5.8-12 futhi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini we-estrogen. Okokugcina, i-TF eyinhloko ye-benalaxil ihlala endaweni ezungezile isikhathi eside kune-compound engumzali, iyi-estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, futhi ithuthukisa ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuphindwe kathathu. Ama-pesticide amane kulolu cwaningo ayengewona kuphela amakhemikhali akhathazayo; amanye amaningi nawo akhiqiza imikhiqizo yokuwohloka okunobuthi. Ama-pesticide amaningi avinjelwe, ama-pesticide amadala namasha, kanye nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ekhishwe yi-phosphorus enobuthi engcolisa abantu kanye nezindawo zemvelo.
Isibulala-zinambuzane i-DDT esivinjelwe kanye ne-metabolite yayo eyinhloko i-DDE zihlala emvelweni amashumi eminyaka ngemuva kokususwa kokusetshenziswa, kanti i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ithola amazinga amakhemikhali adlula amazinga amukelekayo. Ngenkathi i-DDT kanye ne-DDE zincibilika emafutheni omzimba futhi zihlala lapho iminyaka, i-DDE ihlala emzimbeni isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-Centers for Disease Control (CDC) luthole ukuthi i-DDE yayithelele imizimba yamaphesenti angama-99 abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni. Njengabaphazamisi be-endocrine, ukuchayeka ku-DDT kwandisa izingozi ezihambisana nesifo sikashukela, ukunqamuka kokuya esikhathini ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukwehla kwenani lesidoda, i-endometriosis, ukungalingani kokuzalwa, i-autism, ukuntuleka kwe-vitamin D, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, kanye nokukhuluphala. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi i-DDE inobuthi kakhulu kune-compound yayo engumzali. Le metabolite ingaba nemiphumela yezempilo yezizukulwane eziningi, ibangele ukukhuluphala nesifo sikashukela, futhi ikhulisa ngokuhlukile ukwanda komdlavuza webele ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zesizukulwane esidala, okuhlanganisa ama-organophosphates njenge-malathion, zenziwe ngamakhemikhali afanayo ne-agent yezinzwa yeMpi Yezwe II (i-Agent Orange), ethinta kabi uhlelo lwezinzwa. I-Triclosan, isibulala-zinambuzane esilwa namagciwane esivinjelwe ekudleni okuningi, sihlala endaweni ezungezile futhi sakha imikhiqizo yokubola kwe-carcinogenic efana ne-chloroform kanye ne-2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Amakhemikhali “esizukulwane esilandelayo”, kufaka phakathi i-glyphosate kanye neonicotinoids, asebenza ngokushesha futhi aqhekeke ngokushesha, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthi akheke. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zibonise ukuthi amazinga aphansi ala makhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu kunamakhemikhali amadala futhi adinga amakhilogremu ambalwa isisindo esingaphansi. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwala makhemikhali ingabangela imiphumela efana noma enzima kakhulu yobuthi. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi i-herbicide glyphosate iguqulwa ibe yi-metabolite enobuthi ye-AMPA eshintsha ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-metabolite amasha e-ionic njenge-denitroimidacloprid kanye ne-decyanothiacloprid anobuthi obuphindwe ka-300 futhi ~200 ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kune-imidacloprid engumzali, ngokulandelana.
Izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-TF azo kungandisa amazinga obuthi obuyingozi nobungabangeli ukubulala okuholela emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside ekucebeni kwezinhlobo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukahlukene zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje zisebenza njengezinye izinto ezingcolisa imvelo, futhi abantu bangase bavezwe kulezi zinto ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuvamile lezi zinto ezingcolisa imvelo zisebenza ndawonye noma ngokubambisana ukuze zikhiqize imiphumela emibi kakhulu ehlanganisiwe. Ukusebenzisana kuyinkinga evamile ezingxubeni zezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kunganciphisa imiphumela enobuthi empilweni yabantu, yezilwane kanye nemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlolwa kwamanje kwengozi yezemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu kuyinciphisa kakhulu imiphumela elimazayo yezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-metabolites kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa imvelo.
Ukuqonda umthelela ongaba nawo ama-pesticides aphazamisa i-endocrine kanye nemikhiqizo yawo yokuwohloka empilweni yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo kubalulekile. Izimbangela zesifo esibangelwa ama-pesticides aziqondakali kahle, kufaka phakathi ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi okubikezelwayo phakathi kokuchayeka kumakhemikhali, imiphumela yezempilo, kanye nedatha ye-epidemiological.
Enye indlela yokunciphisa umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane kubantu kanye nemvelo ukuthenga, ukukhulisa nokugcina imikhiqizo yemvelo. Izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi uma ushintshela ekudleni okungokwemvelo ngokuphelele, izinga lama-metabolites ezibulala-zinambuzane emchameni lehla kakhulu. Ukulima okungokwemvelo kunezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo kanye nezemvelo ngokunciphisa isidingo semikhuba yokulima esebenzisa amakhemikhali amaningi. Imiphumela eyingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane ingancishiswa ngokwamukela imikhuba yokuvuselela yemvelo kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane ezingenabungozi kakhulu. Njengoba kusetshenziswe kabanzi amasu ahlukile angewona awezibulala-zinambuzane, kokubili imindeni kanye nabasebenzi bezolimo bangasebenzisa le mikhuba ukudala indawo ephephile nenempilo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-06-2023