Umoya ohlanzekile, amanzi kanye nomhlabathi onempilo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemvelo esebenzisana ezindaweni ezine ezinkulu zomhlaba ukuze kuqhubeke ukuphila.Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi zitholakala yonke indawo kuma-ecosystem futhi zivame ukutholakala enhlabathini, emanzini (kokubili okuqinile noketshezi) kanye nomoya osendaweni emazingeni angaphezu kwamazinga e-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Lezi zinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zithola i-hydrolysis, i-photolysis, i-oxidation kanye ne-biodegradation, okuholela emikhiqizweni yokuguqulwa ehlukahlukene evamile njengezinhlanganisela zabo zabazali.Isibonelo, ama-90% abantu baseMelika okungenani bane-biomarker yesibulala-zinambuzane emizimbeni yabo (kokubili inhlanganisela yomzali kanye ne-metabolite).Ukuba khona kwezibulala-zinambuzane emzimbeni kungaba nomthelela empilweni yomuntu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezigaba ezisengozini yokuphila njengengane, ubusha, ukukhulelwa nokuguga.Izincwadi zesayensi zibonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane kudala zinemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezempilo (isb. ukuphazamiseka kohlelo lwe-endocrine, umdlavuza, izinkinga zokuzala/zokuzala, ubuthi bezinzwa, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, njll.) endaweni ezungezile (kuhlanganise nezilwane zasendle, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo yabantu) .Ngakho-ke, ukuchayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-PD azo kungaba nemiphumela emibi yezempilo, kuhlanganise nemiphumela ohlelweni lwe-endocrine.
Ingcweti ye-EU yabaphazamisi be-endocrine (ongasekho) uDkt. Theo Colborne uhlukanise izithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine (ED), okuhlanganisa namakhemikhali emikhiqizweni yasendlini njengezihlanzi, izibulala-magciwane, amapulasitiki nezibulala-zinambuzane.Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine kudla kakhulu izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi njenge-atrazine kanye ne-2,4-D, i-pet insecticide i-fipronil, kanye nama-dioxin asuselwa kubakhiqizi (TCDD).Lawa makhemikhali angangena emzimbeni, aphazamise amahomoni futhi abangele ukukhula okubi, izifo, nezinkinga zokuzala.Uhlelo lwe-endocrine lwakhiwe izindlala (igilo, i-gonads, i-adrenals, ne-pituitary) namahomoni akhiqizwayo (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, ne-adrenaline).Lezi zindlala nama-hormone ahambisana nazo kulawula ukukhula, ukukhula, ukuzala nokuziphatha kwezilwane, kuhlanganise nabantu.Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Endocrine kuyinkinga eqhubekayo futhi ekhulayo ethinta abantu emhlabeni jikelele.Ngenxa yalokho, abameli baphikisa ngokuthi inqubomgomo kufanele iphoqelele imithetho eqinile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane futhi iqinise ucwaningo ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside yokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Lolu cwaningo lungolunye lwabaningi abaqaphela ukuthi imikhiqizo ehlukanisa izibulala-zinambuzane inobuthi noma iyasebenza kakhulu kunezinhlanganisela zabo zabazali.Emhlabeni jikelele, i-pyriproxyfen (Pyr) isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni omiyane futhi iyona kuphela isibulala-zinambuzane esigunyazwe yi-World Health Organization (WHO) sokulawula omiyane ezitsheni zamanzi okuphuza.Nokho, cishe wonke ama-TP Pyrs ayisikhombisa anomsebenzi oqeda i-estrogen egazini, ezinso, nesibindi.I-Malathion iyi-insecticide ethandwayo evimbela umsebenzi we-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ezicutshini zezinzwa.Ukuvinjelwa kwe-AChE kuholela ekuqongeleleni i-acetylcholine, i-neurotransmitter yamakhemikhali ebhekele ukusebenza kobuchopho nemisipha.Lokhu kuqoqwa kwamakhemikhali kungaholela emiphumeleni enzima njengokunyakaziswa okungalawuleki okusheshayo kwemisipha ethile, ukukhubazeka kokuphefumula, ukudlikiza, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, noma kunjalo, ukuvinjelwa kwe-acetylcholinesterase akuqondile, okuholela ekusakazweni kwe-malathion.Lokhu kuwusongo olukhulu ezilwaneni zasendle nempilo yomphakathi.Kafushane, ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ama-TP amabili e-malathion anemiphumela ephazamisayo ye-endocrine ekukhulumeni kwezakhi zofuzo, ukugcinwa kwe-hormone, kanye ne-glucocorticoid (i-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha) umzimba.Ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwe-pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl kubangele ukwakheka kwama-TP amabili anobuthi obukhulu okwandisa ukubonakaliswa kofuzo nge-5.8-12-fold futhi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini we-estrogen.Okokugcina, i-TF eyinhloko ye-benalaxil iphikelela endaweni isikhathi eside kunenhlanganisela yomzali, i-estrogen receptor antagonist, futhi ithuthukisa ukubonakaliswa kofuzo ngokuphindwe kathathu.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezine kulolu cwaningo kwakungewona kuphela amakhemikhali ayekhathazayo;abanye abaningi futhi bakhiqiza imikhiqizo yokuqhekeka okunobuthi.Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ezivinjelwe, izinhlanganisela ezindala nezintsha zezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nemikhiqizo ephuma ngamakhemikhali ikhipha i-phosphorus isiyonke enobuthi engcolisa abantu nesimiso semvelo.
Isibulala-zinambuzane esivinjelwe i-DDT kanye ne-metabolite yayo eyinhloko i-DDE isahlala emvelweni emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokuyekiswa ukusetshenziswa, lapho i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ithola ukugxila kwamakhemikhali okweqa amazinga amukelekayo.Nakuba i-DDT ne-DDE zincibilika emafutheni omzimba futhi zihlala lapho iminyaka, i-DDE ihlala emzimbeni isikhathi eside.Ucwaningo olwenziwe yiCenters for Disease Control (CDC) luthole ukuthi i-DDE itheleleke emizimbeni yamaphesenti angama-99 ababambiqhaza bocwaningo.Njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine, ukuchayeka ku-DDT kwandisa izingozi ezihlobene nesifo sikashukela, ukuyeka ukuya esikhathini ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuncipha kwesidoda, i-endometriosis, ukuphazamiseka kokuzalwa, i-autism, ukuntula uvithamini D, i-non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nokukhuluphala.Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-DDE inobuthi kakhulu kunenhlanganisela yomzali wayo.Le metabolite ingaba nemiphumela yezempilo yezizukulwane eziningi, ibangele ukukhuluphala kanye nesifo sikashukela, futhi ikhulise ngokuhlukile izehlakalo zomdlavuza webele ezizukulwaneni eziningi.Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zesizukulwane esidala, okuhlanganisa i-organophosphates njenge-malathion, zenziwa ngezinhlanganisela ezifanayo ne-World War II nerve agent (Agent Orange), ethinta kabi isimiso sezinzwa.I-Triclosan, isibulala-zinambuzane esilwa namagciwane esivinjelwe ekudleni okuningi, siphikelela emvelweni futhi sakha imikhiqizo ecekela phansi umdlavuza njenge-chloroform kanye ne-2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Amakhemikhali "esizukulwane esilandelayo", okuhlanganisa i-glyphosate ne-neonicotinoids, asebenza ngokushesha futhi aphule ngokushesha, ngakho mancane amathuba okuthi akheke.Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukugxila okuphansi kwalawa makhemikhali kunobuthi kakhulu kunamakhemikhali amadala futhi kudinga amakhilogremu amaningana isisindo esincane.Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwalawa makhemikhali ingase ibangele imiphumela efanayo noma enzima kakhulu ye-toxicological.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-glyphosate yokubulala ukhula iguqulelwa ku-metabolite ye-AMPA enobuthi eshintsha ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-metabolites e-ionic anoveli afana ne-denitroimidacloprid ne-decyanothiacloprid anobuthi obuphindwe ka-300 kanye no-200 ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kunomzali we-imidacloprid, ngokulandelana.
Izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-TF azo zinganyusa amazinga obuthi obuyingozi futhi obungabulali obuholela emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside ekunotheni kwezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezehlukene ezadlula nezamanje zisebenza njengezinye izinto ezingcolisa imvelo, futhi abantu bangase bachayeke kulezi zinto ngesikhathi esifanayo.Ngokuvamile lezi zingcolisi zamakhemikhali zisebenza ndawonye noma ngokuhlanganyela ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela eqinile ehlangene.I-Synergy iyinkinga evamile ezixubeni zezibulala-zinambuzane futhi ingabukela phansi imiphumela enobuthi empilweni yabantu, yezilwane kanye nemvelo.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwamanje kwemvelo kanye nengozi yempilo yabantu ibukela phansi kakhulu imiphumela eyingozi yezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-metabolite nokunye ukungcola kwemvelo.
Ukuqonda umthelela i-endocrine ephazamisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemikhiqizo yazo ewohlokayo ingaba nayo empilweni yesizukulwane samanje nesizayo kubalulekile.I-etiology yesifo esibangelwa izibulala-zinambuzane ayiqondwa kahle, okuhlanganisa ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi okungabikezelwa phakathi kokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali, imiphumela yezempilo, kanye nedatha ye-epidemiological.
Enye indlela yokunciphisa umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane kubantu nasendaweni ezungezile ukuthenga, ukukhulisa nokugcina umkhiqizo wemvelo.Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa ukuthi lapho ushintshela ekudleni okuphilayo ngokuphelele, izinga lama-metabolites e-pesticide emchameni lehla kakhulu.Ukulima okuphilayo kunezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo nezemvelo ngokunciphisa isidingo sezinqubo zokulima ezisetshenziswa ngamakhemikhali.Imithelela eyingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane ingancishiswa ngokuthatha izinqubo eziphilayo ezivuselelayo nokusebenzisa izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane ezinobuthi obuncane kakhulu.Uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamanye amasu angewona ama-pesticide, kokubili amakhaya kanye nabasebenzi bezimboni zezolimo bangasebenzisa lezi zinqubo ukuze bakhe indawo ephephile nenempilo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-06-2023