Imibiko eminingi iphathelene nezinambuzane ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zeLepidoptera, okungukuthi,I-Chilo suppressalis,I-Scirpophaga incertulas, futhiI-Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(zonke ziyi-Crambidae), okuyizisulu ze-Btirayisi, kanye nezinambuzane ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Hemiptera, okungukuthi,I-Sogatella furciferafuthiI-Nilaparvata lugens(zombili i-Delphacidae).
Ngokusho kwezincwadi, izilwane ezidla ezinye izinambuzane zerayisi i-lepidopteran zingezomndeni oyishumi we-Araneae, futhi kunezinye izinhlobo ezidla ezinye ezivela ku-Coleoptera, Hemiptera, kanye ne-Neuroptera. Ama-parasitoid ezinambuzane zerayisi i-lepidopteran aqhamuka kakhulu emindenini eyisithupha ye-Hymenoptera kanye nezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivela emindenini emibili ye-Diptera (okungukuthi, i-Tachinidae kanye ne-Sarcophagidae). Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu zezinambuzane ze-lepidopteran, i-LepidopteraI-Naranga aenescens(Noctuidae),I-Parnara guttata(Hesperiidae),I-Mycalosis gotama(i-Nymphalidae), kanyeI-Pseudaletia separata(Noctuidae) nazo ziqoshwa njengezinambuzane zerayisi. Ngenxa yokuthi azibangeli ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ngerayisi, nokho, aziphenywa njalo, futhi kuncane ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nezitha zazo zemvelo.
Izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane ezimbili ezinkulu ze-hemipteran,I-S. furciferafuthiI-N. lugens, kuye kwacwaningwa kabanzi. Iningi lezinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye okubikwe ukuthi zihlasela izihlahla ze-hemipteran ziyizinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlasela izihlahla ze-lepidopteran, ngoba ikakhulukazi ziyizinto ezivamile. Ama-parasitoid ezinambuzane ze-hemipteran ezingaphansi kwe-Delphacidae aqhamuka kakhulu emndenini we-hymenopteran i-Trichogrammatidae, i-Mymaridae, ne-Dryinidae. Ngokufanayo, ama-hymenopteran parasitoid aziwa ngezinambuzane zezitshalo.Nezara viridula(Pentatomidae). Ama-thripI-Stenchaetothrips biformis(i-Thysanoptera: i-Thripidae) futhi iyisilokazane esivame kakhulu selayisi eNingizimu yeShayina, futhi izilwane ezidla ezinye zivela kakhulu eColeoptera naseHemiptera, kuyilapho kungekho parasitoid ebhalwe phansi. Izinhlobo ze-Orthopteran ezifana ne-I-Oxya chinensis(Acrididae) nazo zivame ukutholakala emasimini elayisi, futhi izilwane ezizingelayo zifaka phakathi izinhlobo ze-Araneae, Coleoptera, kanye ne-Mantodea.U-Oulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), inkathazo ebalulekile yeColeoptera eShayina, ihlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye ze-coleopteran kanye nama-hymenopteran parasitoids. Izitha ezinkulu zemvelo zezinambuzane ze-dipteran yi-hymenopteran parasitoids.
Ukuhlola izinga lapho ama-arthropod evezwa khona kumaprotheni e-Cry kuBtEmasimini elayisi, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwensimu okuphindaphindwayo eduze kwaseXiaogan (eSifundazweni saseHubei, eShayina) eminyakeni ka-2011 no-2012.
Amazinga e-Cry2A atholakale ezicutshini zelayisi aqoqwe ngo-2011 nango-2012 ayefana. Amaqabunga elayisi aqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-Cry2A (kusukela ku-54 kuya ku-115 μg/g DW), kulandele impova yelayisi (kusukela ku-33 kuya ku-46 μg/g DW). Iziqu zaziqukethe amazinga aphansi kakhulu (kusukela ku-22 kuya ku-32 μg/g DW).
Amasu ahlukene okuthatha amasampula (kufaka phakathi ukufutha amasampula, iphepha lokushaya kanye nokusesha okubonakalayo) asetshenziswa ukuqoqa izinhlobo ezingama-29 ze-arthropod ezihlala ezitshalweni ezivame ukutholakala e-United States.Btfuthi ulawule amasimu elayisi ngesikhathi nangemva kokwenziwa kwe-anthesis ngo-2011 nangaphambi, ngesikhathi nangemva kokwenziwa kwe-anthesis ngo-2012. Kuboniswe amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-Cry2A kuma-arthropod aqoqiwe kunoma yiziphi izinsuku zokuthatha isampula.
Kwaqoqwa futhi kwahlaziywa izilwane eziyi-13 ezidla uhlaza ezingahlosiwe ezivela emindenini eyi-11 ye-Hemiptera, i-Orthoptera, i-Diptera, ne-Thysanoptera. Ngokulandelana kwe-Hemiptera yabantu abadala base-I-S. furciferakanye nama-nymph kanye nabantu abadalaI-N. lugenskwakunenani elincane le-Cry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) kuyilapho iphrotheni ingatholakalanga kwezinye izinhlobo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani elikhulu le-Cry2A (kusukela ku-0.15 kuya ku-50.7 μg/g DW) latholakala kuzo zonke izibonelo ze-Diptera, i-Thysanoptera, ne-Orthoptera ngaphandle kweyodwa. Ama-thripsI-S. biformisyayiqukethe amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-Cry2A kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-arthropod eziqoqiwe, ezaziseduze namazinga asezicutshini zelayisi. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa,I-S. biformisyayiqukethe i-Cry2A ku-51 μg/g DW, eyayiphakeme kunezinga lamasampula aqoqwe ngaphambi kokuhlolwa (35 μg/g DW). Ngokufanayo, izinga leprotheyini kuI-Agromyzasp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) yayiphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kumasampula aqoqwe ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwerayisi kunangaphambi noma ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-anthesis. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinga kuI-Euconocephalus thunbergii(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) yayiphakeme cishe ngokuphindwe kabili ngezikhathi ezingu-2.5 kumasampula aqoqwe ngemva kokuhlinzwa kunangesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-06-2021