Imibiko eminingi iphathelene nezinambuzane ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Lepidoptera, okungukuthi,I-Chilo suppressalis,I-Scirpophaga incertulas, futhiI-Cnaphalocrocis menalis(zonke i-Crambidae), okuyizimpokophelo zeBtirayisi, kanye nezinambuzane ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Hemiptera, okungukuthi,I-Sogatella furciferafuthiI-Nilaparvata lugens(zombili i-Delphacidae).
Ngokusho kwezincwadi, izilwane ezidla izilwane ezinkulu ze-lepidopteran rice izinambuzane ziyingxenye yemindeni eyishumi ye-Araneae, futhi kunezinye izinhlobo ezidlayo ezivela e-Coleoptera, Hemiptera, nase-Neuroptera.Ama-parasitoid ezinambuzane zerayisi i-lepidopteran aphuma ikakhulukazi emindenini eyisithupha ye-Hymenoptera enezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivela emindenini emibili ye-Diptera (okungukuthi, i-Tachinidae ne-Sarcophagidae).Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezinambuzane ezinkulu ze-lepidopteran, i-LepidopteraNaranga aenescens(Noctuidae),Parnara guttata(I-Hesperidae),I-Mycalesis iyagula(Nymphalidae), kanyePseudaletia separata(Noctuidae) nazo ziqoshwa njengezinambuzane zelayisi.Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi azibangeli ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwerayisi, aziphenywa, futhi luncane ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nezitha zazo zemvelo .
Izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane ezimbili ezinkulu ze-hemipteran,S. furciferafuthiN. izinja, ziye zacwaningwa kabanzi.Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezizingelayo okubikwe ukuthi zihlasela i-hemipteran herbivores ziwuhlobo olufanayo oluhlasela ama-lepidopteran herbivores, ngoba ngokuyinhloko zingama-generalists.Ama-parasitoids ezinambuzane ze-hemipteran ezingaphansi kwe-Delphacidae aphuma ikakhulukazi emindenini ye-hymenoptera i-Trichogrammatidae, i-Mymaridae, ne-Driyinidae.Ngokufanayo, ama-hymenopteran parasitoids aziwa ngezinambuzane zezitshaloNezara viridula(Pentatomidae).AmathripsI-Stenchaetothrips biformis(I-Thysanoptera: Thripidae) futhi iyisilokazana serayisi esivamile eNingizimu ye-China, futhi izilwane ezizidlayo ziphuma ikakhulukazi e-Coleoptera ne-Hemiptera, kuyilapho kungekho parasitoid esirekhodiwe .Izinhlobo zama-Orthopteran ezifanaI-Oxya chinensis(Acrididae) nazo zivame ukutholakala emasimini elayisi, futhi izilwane ezidla ezinye zazo zihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-Araneae, Coleoptera, neMantodea.Oulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), isilokazane esibalulekile se-Coleoptera e-China, sihlaselwa izilwane ezidla ezinye ze-coleoptera kanye nama-hymenopteran parasitoids.Izitha ezinkulu zemvelo zezinambuzane ze-dipteran ama-hymenopteran parasitoids.
Ukuhlola izinga lapho ama-arthropods evezwa khona ku-Cry proteinsBtamasimu elayisi, ukuhlolwa kwensimu okuphindaphindiwe kwenziwa eduze ne-Xiaogan (IsiFundazwe sase-Hubei, e-China) ngonyaka ka-2011 no-2012.
Ukugxila kwe-Cry2A okutholwe ezicutshini zelayisi eziqoqwe ngo-2011 nango-2012 kwakufana .Amaqabunga elayisi aqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-Cry2A (kusuka ku-54 kuya ku-115 μg/g DW), kulandelwa impova yerayisi (kusuka ku-33 kuya ku-46 μg/g DW).Iziqu zaziqukethe ukugxila okuphansi kakhulu (kusuka ku-22 kuya ku-32 μg/g DW).
Kusetshenziswe izindlela ezehlukene zokusampula (okuhlanganisa ukumuncwa amasampula, ishidi lokushaya kanye nokusesha okubukwayo) ukuze kuqoqwe izinhlobo ezingama-29 ezivame ukutholakala ezitshalweni ezihlala i-arthropodBtfuthi ulawule iziza zelayisi phakathi nangemuva kwe-anthesis ngo-2011 nangaphambi, phakathi nangemuva kwe-anthesis ngo-2012. Ukugxilisa okukalwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-Cry2A kuma-arthropods aqoqiwe kunoma yiziphi izinsuku zokusampula kuyaboniswa.
Ingqikithi yezilwane ezidla uhlaza ezingahlosiwe ezingu-13 ezivela emindenini engu-11 ye-Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, ne-Thysanoptera zaqoqwa futhi zahlaziywa .Ngokulandelana kwe-Hemiptera abadala beS. furciferakanye nezimfene kanye nabantu abadala beN. izinjaibiqukethwe amanani okulandela e-Cry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) kuyilapho iphrotheni ingatholwanga kwezinye izinhlobo.Ngokuphambene, amanani amakhulu e-Cry2A (kusuka ku-0.15 kuya ku-50.7 μg/g DW) atholwe kuwo wonke ngaphandle kwesampula eyodwa ye-Diptera, Thysanoptera, ne-Orthoptera.AmathripsS. biformisyayiqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-Cry2A yawo wonke ama-arthropods aqoqiwe, ayesondele ekugxilweni kwezicubu zelayisi.Ngesikhathi se-anthesis,S. biformisiqukethe i-Cry2A ku-51 μg/g DW, eyayiphezulu kunokugxiliswa kwezifanekiso eziqoqwe ngaphambi kwe-anthesis (35 μg/g DW).Ngokufanayo, izinga lamaprotheni kuAgromyzasp.(I-Diptera: I-Agromyzidae) yayingaphezulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2 kumasampuli aqoqwe phakathi ne-rayisi anthesis kunangaphambili noma ngemva kwe-anthesis.Ngokuphambene, izinga kuI-Euconocephalus thunbergii(I-Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) yayicishe ibe phezulu izikhathi ezingu-2.5 kumasampuli aqoqwe ngemva kwe-anthesis kunangesikhathi se-anthesis.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-06-2021