Ufuna enye indlela esikhundleni sezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid? U-Alejandro Calixto, umqondisi we-Integrated Pest Management Program yaseCornell University, wabelane ngokuqonda okuthile ngesikhathi sohambo lwezitshalo zasehlobo lwakamuva olubanjwe yi-New York Corn and Soybean Growers Association eRodman Lott & Sons Farm.
“Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe kuyisu elisekelwe kwisayensi eligxile ekuvimbeleni ukwenzeka kwezinambuzane isikhathi eside noma umonakalo ngokuhlanganiswa kwamasu,” kusho uCalixto.
Ubheka ipulazi njengendawo exhumene nemvelo, indawo ngayinye ithonya enye. Kodwa lokhu akusona isisombululo esisheshayo.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga zezinambuzane ngokuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe kuthatha isikhathi, esho. Uma inkinga ethile isixazululiwe, umsebenzi awupheli.
Kuyini i-IPM? Lokhu kungafaka phakathi imikhuba yezolimo, izakhi zofuzo, ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo yokuhlala. Inqubo iqala ngokuhlonza izinambuzane, ukuqapha nokubikezela lezo zinambuzane, ukukhetha isu le-IPM, kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yalezi zenzo.
UCalixto wabiza abantu be-IPM ayesebenza nabo, futhi bakha iqembu elifana ne-SWAT elalilwa nezinambuzane ezifana ne-corn grubs.
“Zingokwemvelo, zithathwa yizicubu zezitshalo futhi zihamba ohlelweni lwemithambo yegazi,” kusho uCalixto. “Ziyancibilika emanzini futhi uma zifakwa enhlabathini zimuncwa yizitshalo. Lezi yizibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, zihlasela izinambuzane eziningi ezibalulekile.”
Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo nakho sekuphenduke impikiswano, futhi ama-neonicotinoids kahulumeni angase abe semthethweni eNew York maduze. Ngaphambilini kuleli hlobo, iNdlu kanye neSenate baphasise umthetho obizwa ngokuthi yi-Birds and Bees Protection Act, owawuzovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwembewu embozwe nge-neon esifundazweni. Uhulumeni uKathy Hochul akakawusayini umthethosivivinywa, futhi akucaci ukuthi uzokwenza nini lokho.
Impethu yommbila ngokwayo iyisilokazane esiqinile ngoba sihlala isikhathi eside ebusika. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izimpukane ezindala ziyavela futhi zizale. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda enhlabathini, zikhetha indawo “eyintandokazi”, njengenhlabathi equkethe izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, amasimu avundiswe ngomquba noma izitshalo zokumboza, noma lapho kutshalwa khona imidumba ethile. Amachwane adla imbewu esanda kuhluma, okuhlanganisa ummbila nobhontshisi.
Enye yazo ukusetshenziswa “kwezicupho ezinamathelayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” epulazini. Imininingwane yokuqala asebenza kuyo nochwepheshe wezitshalo zasensimini yeCornell Extension uMike Stanyard iphakamisa ukuthi umbala wezicupho ubalulekile.
Ngonyaka odlule, abacwaningi baseCornell University bahlole amasimu emapulazini angu-61 ukuthola ukuthi kukhona ama-corn grub. Idatha ibonise ukuthi inani eliphelele lama-corn grub embewu emigibeni ye-blue cutworm lalicishe libe ngu-500, kanti inani eliphelele lama-corn grub embewu emigibeni ye-yellow fall armyworm lalingaphezudlwana kwe-100.
Enye indlela ethembisayo ye-neon ukubeka izicupho ezinezicupho emasimini. UCalixto uthe ama-seed corn grubs akhangwa kakhulu yi-alfalfa ebilisiwe, okwakungcono kunezinye izicupho ezivivinyiwe (izinsalela ze-alfalfa, ukudla kwamathambo, ukudla kwenhlanzi, umquba wobisi oluwuketshezi, ukudla kwenyama kanye nezinto ezikhangayo zokwenziwa).
Ukubikezela ukuthi izimpethu zommbila wembewu zizovela nini kungasiza abalimi abanolwazi ngokuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe ukuthi bahlele kangcono impendulo yabo. I-Cornell University ithuthukise ithuluzi lokubikezela izimpethu zommbila wembewu—newa.cornell.edu/seedcorn-maggot—okwamanje elisesivivinyweni se-beta.
“Lokhu kusiza ukubikezela ukuthi udinga yini uku-oda imbewu ephathwe kahle ekwindla,” kusho uCalixto.
Okunye ukwelashwa kwembewu yimbewu ephathwa nge-methyl jasmonate, elabhorethri engabangela izitshalo ukuba zimelane nokudla ama-corn grub. Idatha yokuqala ikhombisa ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lezimpethu zommbila ezisebenzayo.
Ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo zifaka phakathi i-diamides, i-thiamethoxam, i-chlorantraniliprole, kanye ne-spinosad. Idatha yokuqala ikhombisa ukuthi zonke izimpethu zembewu yommbila ezilawulwayo ziqhathaniswa nezindawo ezinembewu engaphathwanga.
Kulo nyaka, ithimba likaCalixto liqedela ukuhlolwa kwe-greenhouse kusetshenziswa i-methyl jasmonate ukuze kunqunywe impendulo yomthamo kanye nokuphepha kwezitshalo.
“Sifuna nezimbozo,” esho. “Ezinye izitshalo zokumboza zikhanga izithombo zommbila zembewu. Akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kokutshala izitshalo zokumboza manje nokuzitshala ngaphambilini. Kulo nyaka sibona iphethini efanayo, kodwa asazi ukuthi kungani.”
Ngonyaka ozayo, ithimba lihlela ukufaka imiklamo emisha yezicupho ezivivinyweni zasensimini futhi landise ithuluzi lobungozi ukuze lifake indawo, izitshalo ezimboziwe, kanye nomlando wezinambuzane ukuze kuthuthukiswe imodeli; ukuhlolwa kwensimu ye-methyl jasmonate kanye nokwelashwa kwembewu yendabuko ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-diamide kanye ne-spinosad; kanye nokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-methyl jasmonate njenge-ejenti yokomisa imbewu yommbila efanele abalimi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba 14-2023