Ukulwa nezifo ezithelelanayo kuwumjaho wokulwa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Amabhaktheriya akhula ukumelana nama-antibiotic, futhi amagciwane ahlala ethuthuka ukuze asakazeke ngokushesha. Izifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane zimelela enye indawo yokulwa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo: izinambuzane ngokwazo zikhula ukumelana nobuthi abantu abazisebenzisayo ukuze bazibulale.
Ikakhulukazi, umalaleveva othwalwa omiyane ubulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-600,000 minyaka yonke. Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II,izibulala-zinambuzane—izikhali zamakhemikhali ezenzelwe ukubulala omiyane base-Anopheles abangenwe yi-malaria—ziye zasetshenziswa ukulwa nomalaleveva.
Kodwa-ke, omiyane bakha amasu ngokushesha okwenza lokhu kubeizibulala-zinambuzane azisebenzi, okubeka izigidi zabantu engcupheni enkulu yokutheleleka okubulalayo. Ucwaningo lwami olusanda kushicilelwa, olwenziwe nozakwethu, luchaza ukuthi kungani.
Njengesazi sezakhi zofuzo esiziphendukela kwemvelo, ngifunda ngokukhetha kwemvelo—isisekelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ukwehlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okuzuzisa kakhulu ekusindeni kuthatha indawo yalezo ezingezinhle, okuholela ekushintsheni kwezinhlobo. Amandla okuziphendukela kwemvelo omiyane i-Anopheles ayamangalisa ngempela.
Maphakathi nawo-1990, iningi lomiyane base-Anopheles e-Afrika babesengozini yokuthola imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ye-pyrethroid, eyayitholakala kuma-chrysanthemums. Ukulawulwa komiyane kwakuncike kakhulu ezindleleni ezimbili ezisekelwe ku-pyrethroid: amanethi omiyane aphathwe ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ukuvikela omiyane abalele kanye nezifutho zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ezisele ezindongeni zesakhiwo. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zodwa kungenzeka ukuthi zavimbela amacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500 kamalaleveva phakathi kuka-2000 no-2015.
Kodwa-ke, omiyane abavela eGhana baya eMalawi manje sebevame ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ngamanani aphezulu ngokuphindwe kayishumi kunomthamo obulalayo ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwezinyathelo zokulawula omiyane be-Anopheles, imisebenzi yezolimo ingadalula omiyane ngengozi ezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukumelana nabo.
Kwezinye izingxenye zase-Afrika, omiyane be-Anopheles baye bamelana nezinhlobo ezine zezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ukulawula umalaleveva.
Omiyane be-Anopheles kanye nezinambuzane ze-malaria nazo zitholakala ngaphandle kwe-Afrika, lapho ucwaningo lokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane lungavamile khona.
Engxenyeni enkulu yeNingizimu Melika, i-vector eyinhloko ye-malaria yi-Anopheles darlingi mosquito. Lo miyane uhlukile kakhulu ezithwalweni ze-malaria e-Afrika kangangokuthi ungase ube ngowesinye isizukulwane—i-Nyssorhynchus. Kanye nozakwethu abavela emazweni ayisishiyagalombili, ngihlaziye izakhi zofuzo zomiyane abangaphezu kuka-1,000 i-Anopheles darlingi ukuze ngiqonde ukuhlukahluka kwazo kwezakhi zofuzo, okuhlanganisa nanoma yiziphi izinguquko ezibangelwe yimisebenzi yabantu yamuva. Ozakwethu baqoqa lawa miyane ezindaweni ezingu-16 endaweni enkulu esukela ogwini lwase-Atlantic eBrazil kuya ogwini lwasePacific lwase-Andes eColombia.
Sithole ukuthi, njengezihlobo zayo zase-Afrika, *i-Anopheles darlini* ibonisa ukwehlukahlukana okuphezulu kakhulu kwezakhi zofuzo—okuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-20 kunokwabantu—okubonisa inani elikhulu kakhulu labantu. Izinhlobo ezinezakhi zofuzo eziningi kangaka zijwayeleke kahle ukuze zivumelane nezinselele ezintsha. Uma inani labantu likhulu kangaka, amathuba okuvela kwezinguquko ezifanele ezinikeza inzuzo oyifunayo ayanda. Uma lokhu kuguquka sekuqala ukusabalala, ngenxa yenzuzo yezinombolo, ngisho nokufa okungahleliwe komiyane abambalwa ngeke kuholele ekuqothulweni kwabo ngokuphelele.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukhozi olunempandla, oludabuka e-United States, aluzange lukwazi ukumelana ne-DDT yesibulala-zinambuzane futhi ekugcineni lwabhekana nokuqothulwa. Ukusebenza kahle kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezigidi zezinambuzane kudlula kakhulu okwezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nje. Eqinisweni, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, sibone izimpawu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezizivumelanisa nezimo ezakhiweni zofuzo ezihlotshaniswa nokumelana nemithi komiyane be-Anopheles darlingi.
Ama-pyrethroids kanye ne-DDT, phakathi kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane, asebenza endaweni efanayo yama-molecule: iziteshi ze-ion ezingavuleka futhi zivale kumaseli ezinzwa. Uma lezi ziteshi zivulekile, amangqamuzana ezinzwa avuselela amanye amangqamuzana. Izibulala-zinambuzane ziphoqa lezi ziteshi ukuthi zihlale zivulekile futhi ziqhubeke nokudlulisa imizwa, okuholela ekukhubazekeni nasekufeni kwezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, izinambuzane zingaba nokumelana ngokushintsha ukuma kweziteshi ngokwazo.
Izifundo zofuzo zangaphambilini ezenziwa abanye ososayensi, kanye nocwaningo lwethu, azizange zithole lolu hlobo lokumelana ku-Anopheles darlini. Esikhundleni salokho, sithole ukuthi ukumelana kukhula ngendlela ehlukile: ngokusebenzisa isethi yama-gene efaka ama-enzyme aphula amakhemikhali anobuthi. Umsebenzi ophezulu wala ma-enzyme, aziwa ngokuthi ama-P450, uvame ukuba nesibopho sokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nama-pesticide kwabanye omiyane. Kusukela kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kwama-pesticide maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isethi efanayo yama-gene e-P450 iye yashintsha ngokuzimela okungenani izikhathi eziyisikhombisa eNingizimu Melika.
E-French Guiana, elinye isethi lama-gene e-P450 nalo libonise iphethini efanayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuqinisekisa ngokwengeziwe ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwala ma-enzyme nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho omiyane befakwa ezitsheni ezivaliwe futhi bevezwa kuma-insecticide e-pyrethroid, umehluko kuma-gene e-P450 phakathi komiyane ngabanye wawuhlobene nesikhathi sabo sokusinda.
ENingizimu Melika, imikhankaso emikhulu yokulawula umalaleveva esebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane yayingahleliwe nje futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange ibe yimbangela eyinhloko yokuvela komiyane. Esikhundleni salokho, omiyane kungenzeka ukuthi babevezwe ngokungaqondile ezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, sibone izimpawu zokuvela ezivelele kakhulu ezindaweni ezinezolimo ezithuthukile.
Naphezu kokutholakala kwemithi yokugoma emisha kanye nokunye ukuthuthuka ekulawuleni umalaleveva eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukulawulwa komiyane kusalokhu kuyisihluthulelo ekunciphiseni ukusabalala komalaleveva.
Amazwe amaningana ahlola ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukuze kulwiwe nomalaleveva. Lobu buchwepheshe buhilela ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo zenani lomiyane ukuze kuncishiswe inani labo noma kuncishiswe ukumelana kwabo negciwane lemalariya. Nakuba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuphawulekayo komiyane kungaba yinselele, amathuba ayathembisa.
Mina nozakwethu sisebenza ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuthola ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane okuvelayo. Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo kusabalulekile ekutholeni izimpendulo ezintsha noma ezingalindelekile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ingozi yokuzivumelanisa nezimo iphakeme kakhulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi ende neqinile yokukhetha; ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa, ukuguqula, kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngezigaba kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukuqapha okuhlelekile kanye nezimpendulo ezifanele kubalulekile ekulweni nokumelana nemithi okuguqukayo. Ngokungafani nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abantu bayakwazi ukubikezela ikusasa.
UJacob A. Tennessen uthole uxhaso oluvela kwiNational Institutes of Health ngeHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health kanye neBroad Institute.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-21-2026
