Izintuthwane ezibomvu zomlilo (i-Solenopsis invicta) bezilokhu ziyinkathazo enkulu e-United States selokhu zatholakala ngokuthunyelwa phakathi kuka-1933 no-1945. Ukuluma kwazo kubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu futhi kubize i-United States imali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8 ngonyaka. Namuhla, izintuthwane ezibomvu zomlilo zitholakala ezifundazweni ezingu-19, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu-mpumalanga, kodwa naseCalifornia. Zizalela futhi ngobuningi e-Australia naseShayina.
Ngo-1958, i-United States yasungula uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwezwe lonke lokungeniswa kwezintuthwane zomlilo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhamba kwezitshalo nezinto ezingasakaza lezi zinambuzane. Iningi labacwaningi kanye nezikhulu bakholelwa ukuthi ukusabalala kwezintuthwane zomlilo kuhlobene nokuthuthwa kwezithombo. Abaphathi bezindawo zokugcina izitshalo ngaphambili babefutha izimpande zezitshalo ngezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izintuthwane zomlilo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ezinjalo (njenge-chlorpyrifos) sekuvinjelwe manje, futhi la makhemikhali ayabiza.
Ithimba locwaningo elivela kwi-USDA Agricultural Research Service, i-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, kanye ne-Tennessee State University lifunde izindlela zokunciphisa inani lezintuthwane zomlilo kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaxoshi ezisetshenziswa ezimpandeni zezithombo.izibulala-zinambuzanekwandisa ingozi yokuchayeka ezintuthwaneni zomlilo futhi kungadlulisela izinto ezinobuthi kwezinye izintuthwane esidlekeni. Imiphumela yocwaningo, eyanyatheliswa ngoMashi kuyi-Journal of Economic Entomology, ibonise ukuthi lesi sibulala-zinambuzane esingaxoshii-fipronilkunciphisa kakhulu inani lezintuthwane zomlilo emabhola ezimpande zezithombo.
Abacwaningi babeke amakoloni ezintuthwane zomlilo (kufaka phakathi izintuthwane ezisebenzayo, amaqanda, izibungu, izimpukane, kanye nendlovukazi) emabhola ezimpande zezitshalo ze-Buxus microphylla. Ingxenye yamabhola ezimpande yaphathwa ngesibulali-zinambuzane i-bifenthrin. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezine ezihlukene ezingaxoshi—i-fipronil, i-indoxacarb, i-imidacloprid, kanye ne-fipronil—zabe sezisetshenziswa njengezilawuli, kanye namanzi. Imiphumela yokugxila okuhlukahlukene kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaxoshi nayo yahlolwa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisele ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela kwezintuthwane kwatholakala.
I-Fipronil ibonise ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kokubulala izinambuzane, ngokusebenza kahle okumaphakathi kokulawula izinambuzane okungu-99.99%, kulandelwe yi-indoxacarb (99.33%) kanye ne-imidacloprid (99.49%). Lapho lezi zinambuzane ezine ezingaxoshi zihlanganiswa ne-bifenthrin, ukusebenza kwazo kokubulala izinambuzane kwehliswe kakhulu (ngaphandle kwe-fipronil, eyathola ukusebenza kahle kokulawula okungu-94.29%). Ukuze bahlole ukusebenza kahle kwe-fipronil ekulawuleni izinambuzane, abacwaningi bahlole amazinga aphansi futhi bathola ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokubulala izinambuzane kwehliswe ngaphezu kuka-90%, futhi amazinga ahlukene e-fipronil awazange abe nomthelela omkhulu ezinombolweni zezinambuzane. Ukusebenzisa amazinga anconyiwe e-fipronil kwavimbela ngempumelelo ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane kuze kube yizinyanga eziyisithupha, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa uhhafu womthamo kwaholela ezinsaleleni zezinambuzane ezimpandeni zezitshalo.
Abacwaningi babhale: “Phakathi kokwelashwa ngezibulala-zinambuzane okungaxoshi, i-dinotefuran (ene-bifenthrin noma engenayo) inikeze ukulawula okuhlala njalo kwezinga lokuvalelwa, lapho ama-75% (8) ama-root bulbs asala engathintekile. Ama-root bulbs aphathwe ngezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaxoshi (imidacloprid, i-indoxacarb, ne-fipronil)… ayenamazinga angathintekile angu-0-38%.
Abacwaningi baphawule ukuthi i-fipronil ibiza kakhulu kunezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili ezivunyelwe ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo kahulumeni yokuhlukaniswa kwezintuthwane zomlilo—i-chlorpyrifos ne-bifenthrin. Ukunciphisa inani le-fipronil esetshenzisiwe kuveze imiphumela ekhuthazayo, kodwa babhala, “Kudingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze kunqunywe ngokuqinisekile umphumela wamazinga ahlukene e-fipronil enanini lama-bulb ezimpande angakahlaseki futhi ahlaseki.”
Kodwa-ke, i-fipronil ngokwayo nayo iveza ukukhathazeka okuthile. Incibilika kalula emanzini, inobuthi ezinyosini (i-Apis mellifera), futhi ingasakazwa ngokugeleza kwamanzi, izifutho, nezitshalo. Imithethonqubo nemikhawulo yokulebula ikhona okwamanje ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela walesi sinambuzane ezinyosini. Abacwaningi baphawule ukuthi, “Ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo, ukusebenzisa i-fipronil kuphela ezimpandeni zezihlahla ezigawuliwe ngaphambi kokuba ziqhakaze kufanele kunciphise ingozi yokuchayeka ezinyosini.” Bangeze ngokuthi kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale indlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa izinambuzane ezinjalo ezingaxoshi ukuze kulawulwe izintuthwane ezibomvu.
"Izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaxoshi ziyasebenza ekulawuleni izintuthwane ezibomvu (i-Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ezitshalweni eziqoqwe ensimini."
Andrew Porterfield is a writer, editor, and communications consultant working with academic institutions, companies, and nonprofits in the life sciences. He currently resides in Camario, California. You can connect with him on LinkedIn or by email at aporterfield17078@roadrunner.com.
Impilo yamakoloni ezinyosi iyathuthuka uma ekhiqiza i-propolis eyengeziwe (i-resin ene-wax esetshenziselwa ukuvala isidleke). Ucwaningo olusha luhlole izindlela eziningana ezilula abafuyi bezinyosi abangazisebenzisa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-propolis esidlekeni.
UBen Puttler, uprofesa osethathe umhlalaphansi eNyuvesi yaseMissouri kanye nososayensi wezinambuzane, waziwa hhayi kuphela ngeminikelo yakhe yomlando ekulawulweni kwezinambuzane eziphilayo kodwa nangokuqeqesha kwakhe okukhulu kwabafundi abaningi besayensi yezinambuzane kanye nozakwabo. Ekubuyekezweni komsebenzi wakhe, ozakwabo ababili bacabanga ngempumelelo kanye neminikelo kaPuttler.
I-khapra beetle ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kokusanhlamvu okugciniwe futhi iyisisulu esiyinhloko emachwebeni nasezindaweni zokuwela imingcele. Abacwaningi baseCanada bathole izinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe elibulala i-beetle kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wayo wokuphila, okuhlanganisa nokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-13-2026
