Ama-Acaricides ayisigaba sezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, embonini nakwezinye izimboni. Asetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izimbuzane zezolimo, noma ama-tick emfuyweni noma ezifuyweni. Njalo ngonyaka umhlaba uthola ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ngenxa yezinambuzane zezimbuzane. Ngokusho kwe-Food and Agriculture Organisation yeZizwe Ezihlangene, amaphesenti angama-80 ezinkomo zomhlaba ahlaselwa yizimbuzane, okubiza umhlaba imali elinganiselwa ku-$7.3 billion ngonyaka ekulahlekelweni komnotho. ENingizimu Melika, izitshalo zesoya ezilinyazwe yi-spider mite i-Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zilahlekelwe cishe yi-18.28% ekuvuneni okusanhlamvu. EShayina, cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-40 e-citrus nawo ahlaselwe yi-Panonychus citri (McGregor). Ngakho-ke, isidingo semakethe yomhlaba wonke se-acaricides siyakhula unyaka nonyaka. Imikhiqizo eyisishiyagalombili ephezulu emakethe ye-acaricide ngo-2018 yile: i-spirodiclofen, i-spiromethicone, i-diafenthiuron, i-bifenazate, i-pyridaben, kanye ne-propargite, i-hexythiazox, kanye ne-fenpyroximate, ukuthengiswa kwayo okuphelele kungama-US$572 million, okwenza u-69.1% wemakethe ye-acaricide, kanti usayizi wemakethe kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele ku-US$2 billion ngo-2025. Usayizi wemakethe we-acaricide cishe uzoba mkhulu njengoba umhlaba wokulima emhlabeni wonke uncipha, inani labantu liyanda, isidingo semikhiqizo yemvelo sikhula, kanye nesidingo semikhuba yezolimo esimeme sikhula.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-acaricide kukhombisa ukuthi i-red spider mite, i-Panclaw citrus kanye ne-Panonychus urmi yizona zinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho zezinambuzane ezibangela izinambuzane, ezibalelwa ngaphezu kuka-80% wemakethe. Ezinye izimbuzane ezihlobene nazo yizimbuzane ze-pseudo spider mite (ikakhulukazi izimbuzane ze-spider ezimfushane), izimbuzane zokugqwala kanye nezimbuzane ze-gall and horsefly. Imifino nezithelo, okuhlanganisa i-citrus, amagilebhisi, ubhontshisi, ukotini, kanye nommbila, yizona zitshalo eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa kuzo ama-acaricides.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomjikelezo wempilo omfushane, i-parthenogenesis, amathuluzi ahlukile okusebenza komzimba kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo kwezimbuzane ezidla uhlaza njengezinambuzane zesicabucabu kanye nezimbuzane ze-panclaw, ukumelana kwazo nezidakamizwa ze-acaricides kukhule ngokushesha. Izimbuzane zibanga ezintathu kwezingu-12 ezimelana nezitshalo ezibikiwe. Ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ze-acaricides emhlabeni wonke, izidakamizwa ze-acaricides ezivamile zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamates, i-organochlorines, kanye ne-pyrethroids zisasebenza kakhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, yize izidakamizwa ze-acaricides ezisebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-bifenazate kanye ne-acetafenac zivele, inkinga yokuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa ze-acaricides isalokhu inzima. Ngokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside nokungekhona okwesayensi kwalezi zidakamizwa ze-acaricides, iningi lezimbuzane ezidla uhlaza liye lathuthukisa amazinga ahlukene okumelana nezidakamizwa ze-acaricides zamakhemikhali emakethe, futhi imiphumela yazo yehle kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokunaka okwandayo ezindabeni zemvelo kanye nokwanda kancane kancane endaweni yezolimo eziphilayo, isidingo semikhiqizo yemvelo yokuvikela izitshalo emakethe yomhlaba wonke sikhule kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokubulala amagciwane ephephile, esebenza kahle, enobungani nemvelo, engenangozi ezitheni zemvelo kanye nemithi yokubulala amagciwane ephephile nemisha engelula ukuyithuthukisa ukumelana nayo sekuseduze.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthi imboni kanye nentuthuko yezimboni zisebenzise ngokugcwele izinzuzo zemithombo yezinto eziphilayo zaseShayina ukukhuthaza ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula yemvelo.
1. Isizinda socwaningo lwama-alkaloid e-veratrotrol
I-Hellebore, eyaziwa nangokuthi u-anyanisi wezintaba, i-hellebore emnyama, iyinto yokwelapha ehlala isikhathi eside. Njengesitshalo sendabuko esibulala izinambuzane eShayina, abantu bavame ukumba ama-rhizome ayo ngesikhathi sezitshalo bese bewathosa abe yi-decoction emnene ukuze bawageze ngokubandayo izimvu, izimbuzi, izinkomo kanye neminye imfuyo, kanye nokulwa nezimpethu zasekhaya nezinye izinambuzane. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi i-hellebore nayo inomphumela omuhle wokulawula kwezinye izinambuzane. Isibonelo, i-ethyl acetate extract ye-Veratrum rhizome inomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala izinambuzane ezibunjini zesibili nezesithathu ze-Plutella xylostella, kuyilapho i-Veratrol alkaloid extract inomphumela othile obulalayo ezibunjini ze-German cockroach ezindala nezesine. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi bathola nokuthi izinhlayiya ezahlukene ze-Veratrum rhizome zinomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala i-acaricidal, phakathi kwazo okukhona i-ethanol extract>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract.
Kodwa-ke, indlela yokukhipha izithako ezisebenzayo iyinkinga enzima. Abacwaningi baseShayina bavame ukusebenzisa i-ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, i-water extraction, i-ethanol percolation extraction, kanye ne-supercritical CO2 extraction ukuthola izinto ezisebenzayo ezivela kuma-veriform rhizomes. Phakathi kwazo, indlela ye-ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction isebenzisa inani elikhulu le-chloroform enobuthi nakuba izinga lokukhipha liphezulu kakhulu; indlela yokukhipha amanzi inezikhathi eziningi zokukhipha, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amaningi, kanye nezinga lokukhipha eliphansi; izinga liphansi. Indlela ye-supercritical CO2 extraction yokukhipha ama-veratroline alkaloids ayigcini nje ngokuba nezinga eliphezulu lokukhipha, izithako ezisebenzayo azibhujiswa, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wezokwelapha kanye nobumsulwa bezithako ezisebenzayo zemikhiqizo etholakele kuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CO2 engeyona enobuthi futhi engenazo izinyibilikisi ayinangozi emzimbeni womuntu kanye nemvelo, okunganciphisa ukungcola kwemvelo okubangelwa izindlela zokukhipha zendabuko, futhi kubhalwe njengobunye bobuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu bokukhipha nokuhlukanisa imiphumela yemithi yezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza eyingozi kanye nezindleko eziphakeme kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okukhulu kwezimboni.
2. Ucwaningo kanye nentuthuko yentuthuko yama-alkaloid e-veratrotrol
Funda ngobuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-Veratrum. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha ngokubambisana busekelwe kakhulu ezintweni zokwelapha zendabuko zaseShayina i-veratrorum, ezingeziwe ngezinto zokwelapha zemvelo. , I-Veratroin nezinye izithako eziningi ezisebenzayo zilungiswa ndawonye, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, kusetshenziswa izinyibilikisi ezahlukene ukukhipha njalo izinto zokwelapha zezitshalo, ukuze kwandiswe ukuhlanzwa kanye nokunisela kwezingxenye ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo ezintweni zokwelapha zezitshalo ngezigaba. Ukuthola izingxenye zeqembu zamakhemikhali anokusebenza okuhlukile noma ukusebenza okufanayo kusuka eqoqweni elifanayo lezinto zokusetshenziswa. Kuthuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zezitshalo, kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza, futhi kwandiswe kakhulu ukuncintisana emakethe.
Funda ngendlela yokusebenza kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-Veratrum. I-Veratrum rhizome extract uhlobo lwengxube, equkethe izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kweshumi njenge-veratrol, i-resveratrol, i-veratrotoin, i-cyclopamine, i-veratrol, kanye ne-resveratrol oxide. Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwezinambuzane.
Ngokusho kwemibiko yocwaningo, ubuthi bayo busekelwe ekuvulekeni kweziteshi ze-Na+ ezincike ku-voltage, okuthi kamuva zivule iziteshi ze-Ca2+ ezisebenza ku-voltage, okuholela ekukhishweni kwe-neurotransmitter. Iziteshi ze-sodium ion ezivalwe yi-voltage ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokubonisana kwe-neuronal kanye nemisipha. Izingxenye ezisebenzayo ku-Veratrum extract zingabangela ukuphazamiseka kwamanje eziteshini ze-sodium ion, okuholela ekushintsheni kokungena kwe-membrane, okubangela ukushaqeka kokuthuthumela nokufa ekugcineni.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izazi zaseFrance zibike ukuthi ama-alkaloid e-veratroline angavimbela i-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) yezinambuzane ngaphandle kokuncintisana. Ngenxa yendlela entsha yokusebenza kwama-alkaloid e-veratrotrol, ukuhlaselwa kwezindawo eziningi kungenzeka, futhi kunzima ukuthi izibungu zizivumelanise nemithi yezindawo eziningi ngokusebenzisa izinguquko zazo zesakhiwo, ngakho-ke akulula ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nemithi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela ukukhipha i-rhizome ye-hellebore engu-0.1% CE. Isekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhipha futhi ihlanganiswe nobuchwepheshe obuhle bokulungiselela, ukucindezeleka kobuso bomuthi kuncane, okungasonga umzimba wezinambuzane ngokushesha, kukhuthaze ukungena nokumuncwa kwesisombululo somuthi, futhi kuthuthukise umphumela wezithako ezisebenzayo. Inokusabalalisa okuhle emanzini, futhi isisombululo sicacile futhi siyafana ngemva kokuhlakazeka. Ukuncibilika okuphindwe kayi-1000, isikhathi sokumanzisa ngokuphelele ishidi lendwangu yimizuzwana engama-44, futhi singamanzisa futhi singene ngokushesha. Idatha yokuqina kokusabalala kokukhanya okuningi ikhombisile ukuthi ukulungiswa kokukhipha i-rhizome ye-0.1% CE veratrum kwakunokuqina okuhle futhi kuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezindawo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwensimu.
Inqubekela phambili yocwaningo ngobuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kwe-0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Ubuchwepheshe obusha buthuthukise kakhulu izakhiwo ezisebenzayo ngokushesha zomuthi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bangaphambilini, umkhiqizo unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwesithako esisodwa. Ngenqubo eyingqayizivele, izithako ezikumkhiqizo ziningi kakhulu, futhi umphumela wokubambisana usobala kakhulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma isetshenziswa kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezikhona, okokuqala, inganciphisa kakhulu inani lezimbuzane ezibomvu, inciphise inani lezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali futhi ithuthukise umphumela wokulawula. Ngamafuphi, esikhathini sokwanda kwezinambuzane ze-citrus Panonychus eHezhou, eGuangxi, eShayina, ukufafaza i-0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole kwasebenza ngemizuzu engama-20, azikho izinambuzane eziphilayo ezabonwa ezinsukwini ezi-3 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa, futhi umphumela wokulawula wawuyizinsuku eziyi-11 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa. Kungagcinwa ngaphezu kwama-95%. Esigabeni sokuqala sezimbuzane ze-Jiangxi Ruijin navel orange citrus panclaw, i-0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate zonke zafa ngosuku olu-1 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa, futhi azikho izinambuzane eziphilayo ezabonwa ezinsukwini ezi-3 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa. , umphumela wokulawula useduze nama-99% ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-16.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-bioassay yasensimini engenhla ikhombisa ukuthi lapho inani eliyisisekelo lezimbuzane ezibomvu liphansi noma liphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti eyodwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe nama-ejenti amakhemikhali, i-rhizome extract ye-Veratella vulgaris inganciphisa inani eliyisisekelo lezimbuzane ezibomvu futhi ithuthukise umphumela wokulawula wezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Ibonise umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulawula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-rhizome extract ye-hellebore itholakala ezitshalweni. Ngokuhlushwa okunconywayo, kuphephile ukuyisebenzisa ezigabeni zokuhluma, ukuqhakaza, kanye nezithelo ezincane zezitshalo eziningi, futhi ayinawo umthelela ekwandeni kwamahlumela, izimbali nezithelo. Iphephile futhi inobungani nemvelo ezintweni eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe njengezitha zemvelo zezimbuzane, futhi ayinawo ukumelana nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ekhona kanye ne-acaricides. Ifaneleka kakhulu ekuphathweni okuhlanganisiwe kwezimbuzane (IPM). Futhi ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-etoxazole, i-spirodiclofen, kanye ne-bifenazate ku-citrus zingahlangabezana ngokugcwele ne-"China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union Foods". I-Pesticide Residue Limit Standard kanye ne-US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard in Foods zinikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinile sokuphepha kokudla kanye nekhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezolimo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo bukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ze-hellebore
I-Hellebore iyinto ejwayelekile yokwelapha futhi iyisitshalo esihlala isikhathi eside somndeni wakwaLiliaceae. Ikhula ezintabeni, emahlathini noma ezihlahleni. Isatshalaliswa eShanxi, eHebei, eHenan, eShandong, eLiaoning, eSichuan, eJiangsu nakwezinye izindawo eShayina. Icebile ngemithombo yasendle. Ngokusho kocwaningo, umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke we-hellebore yezokwelapha ucishe ube ngamathani angu-300-500, futhi izinhlobo zifaka izinhlobo eziningi, njenge-hellebore, i-Xing'an hellebore, i-maosu hellebore, kanye ne-Guling hellebore, futhi izingxenye ezisebenzayo zohlobo ngalunye azifani.
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-biotechnology kanye nocwaningo olujulile ngezinto zokwelapha ze-hellebore, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zokwelapha ze-hellebore kanye nokufuywa kokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ze-hellebore zasendle kuye kwathuthuka ngezigaba. Ukutshalwa kokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ze-hellebore kuzonciphisa kakhulu umonakalo wokumbiwa kwe-hellebore ezinsizeni ze-germplasm yasendle, futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ze-hellebore emkhakheni wezolimo kanye nomkhakha wezokwelapha.
Esikhathini esizayo, izingcezu zemvelo ze-hellebore rhizome ezithathwe ezitshalweni zokwelapha kulindeleke ukuthi zinciphise kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala amagciwane yamakhemikhali yendabuko, futhi zenze intuthuko eyengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezolimo, zithuthukise ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, zithuthukise indawo yezolimo yemvelo kanye nokugcina ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-08-2022