Ama-Acaricides ayikilasi lezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, izimboni nezinye izimboni.Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula izibungu zezolimo, noma imikhaza emfuyweni noma ezifuyweni.Minyaka yonke umhlaba ulahlekelwa kakhulu ngenxa yezinambuzane eziwuhlupho.Ngokwe-Food and Agriculture Organization yeZizwe Ezihlangene, amaphesenti angu-80 emihlambi yezinkomo emhlabeni ahlaselwe imikhaza, okudla umhlaba wonke imali elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7,3 zamaRandi ngonyaka ngokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho.ENingizimu Melika, izitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya ezilinyazwe isicabucabu seMononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) zilahlekelwe cishe u-18.28% esivunweni sezinhlamvu.E-China, cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-40 e-citrus aphinde ahlaselwe yi-Pannychus citri (McGregor).Ngakho-ke, isidingo semakethe yomhlaba wonke sama-acaricides sikhula unyaka nonyaka.Imikhiqizo eyisishiyagalombili ephezulu emakethe ye-acaricide ngo-2018 yilena: i-spirodiclofen, i-spiromethicone, i-diafenthiuron, i-bifenazate, i-pyridaben, ne-propargite, i-hexythiazox, ne-fenpyroximate, ukuthengiswa kwayo sekukonke kungama-US$572 wezigidi, okubalelwa ku-69.1% wemakethe, kanye nemakethe yemakethe usayizi kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele ku-US$2 bhiliyoni ngo-2025. Usayizi wemakethe wama-acaricides kungenzeka ube mkhulu njengoba umhlaba olimekayo uncipha, ukwanda kwenani labantu, isidingo semikhiqizo yemvelo sikhula, kanye nesidingo sezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme sikhula.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-acaricide kukhombisa ukuthi izimbuzane zesicabucabu esibomvu, i-Panclaw citrus kanye ne-Panonychus urmi ziyizinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho zezinambuzane, ezibalwa ngaphezu kwama-80% emakethe.Ezinye izibungu ezihambisanayo yi-pseudo spider mites (ikakhulukazi ama-spider mites), i-rust mites kanye ne-gall and horsefly mite.Imifino nezithelo, okuhlanganisa amawolintshi, amagilebhisi, ubhontshisi wesoya, ukotini, nommbila, yizona izitshalo eziyinhloko okusetshenziswa kuzo ama-acaricides.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomjikelezo wempilo emfushane, i-parthenogenesis, amathuluzi ayingqayizivele we-metabolic kanye nokuvumelana okuqinile kwemvelo kwezinambuzane ezidla uhlaza njengezibungu zesicabucabu kanye nezibungu ze-panclaw, ukumelana kwazo ne-acaricides kukhule ngokushesha.Izibungu zenza ama-arthropods angu-3 kwangu-12 amelana nokubikwa.Ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba wonke kwama-acaricides, ama-acaricides ajwayelekile amakhemikhali afana nama-organophosphates, ama-carbamates, ama-organochlorines, nama-pyrethroids asesesikhundleni esiphezulu.Eminyakeni yamuva, nakuba ama-acaricides asebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-bifenazate ne-acetafenac aphumile, inkinga ye-homogenization yama-acaricides isenkulu.Ngokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside nokungahambisani nesayensi kwalawa ma-acaricides, izibungu eziningi ezidla uhlaza sezikhule amazinga ahlukene okumelana nama-acaricides amakhemikhali emakethe, futhi imiphumela yawo yehle kakhulu.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokunaka okukhulayo ezindabeni zemvelo kanye nokwanda kancane kancane endaweni yezolimo eziphilayo, isidingo semikhiqizo yemvelo ukuvikela izitshalo emakethe yomhlaba sikhule kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-acaricides aphephile, asebenzayo, anobungani nemvelo, ayingozi kancane ezitheni zemvelo kanye nama-acaricides aphephile namasha ebhayoloji okungelula ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nawo sekuseduze.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni nezimboni ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele izinzuzo zemithombo yebhayoloji yaseChina ukuze kuthuthukiswe ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-acaricide ebhayoloji.
1. Isizinda socwaningo se-veratrotrol alkaloids
I-Hellebore, eyaziwa nangokuthi u-anyanisi wasezintabeni, i-hellebore emnyama, iyinto yokwelapha engapheli.Njengesitshalo somdabu esibulala izinambuzane eShayina, abantu bavame ukumba ama-rhizomes awo ngesikhathi sokumila futhi bawathose abe yi-decoction epholile yokugeza izimvu, izimbuzi, izinkomo nezinye imfuyo, kanye nokubhekana nezimpethu zasendlini nezinye izilokazane.Khona-ke abacwaningi bathola ukuthi i-hellebore nayo inomphumela omuhle wokulawula kwezinye izinambuzane.Isibonelo, i-ethyl acetate ekhishwe ku-Veratrum rhizome inomsebenzi omuhle wokubulala izinambuzane ku-larvae yesibili neyesithathu ye-Plutella xylostella, kuyilapho ukukhishwa kwe-Veratrol alkaloid kunomthelela othile obulalayo kumuntu omdala kanye nezibungu zesine ze-instar ye-German cockroach.Ngasikhathi sinye, abacwaningi baphinde bathola ukuthi okukhishwe okuhlukile kwe-Veratrum rhizome kunomsebenzi omuhle we-acaricidal, phakathi kwawo okukhishwe kwe-ethanol> i-chloroform ekhishwe> i-n-butanol ekhishwe.
Nokho, indlela yokukhipha izithako ezisebenzayo kuyinkinga enzima.Abacwaningi baseShayina bavame ukusebenzisa i-ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, isizinda samanzi, i-ethanol percolation extraction, kanye ne-supercritical CO2 isizinda ukuze bathole izinto ezisebenzayo kumarhizomes e-veratrum.Phakathi kwazo, indlela yokukhipha i-ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic isebenzisa inani elikhulu le-chloroform ye-solvent enobuthi nakuba izinga lokukhipha liphakeme kakhulu;indlela yokukhipha amanzi inezikhathi eziningi zokukhipha, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okukhulu, kanye nezinga eliphansi lokukhipha;izinga liphansi.Indlela yokukhipha i-CO2 ye-supercritical yokukhipha ama-alkaloid e-veratroline ayinayo kuphela izinga eliphezulu lokukhipha, izithako ezisebenzayo azibhujiswa, kodwa futhi umsebenzi wezokwelapha kanye nokuhlanzeka kwezithako ezisebenzayo zemikhiqizo etholiwe kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, insalela ye-CO2 engenabo ubuthi ne-solvent-free ayinabungozi emzimbeni womuntu kanye nemvelo, enganciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okubangelwa izindlela zendabuko zokukhipha, futhi ifakwe ohlwini njengobunye bobuchwepheshe obungcono kakhulu bokukhipha nokuhlukanisa. isitshalo imiphumela yokwelapha.Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza eyingozi kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezimboni ezinkulu.
2. Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubekelaphambili ye-veratrotrol alkaloids
Ukufunda ngobuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-Veratrum.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha ngokubambisana busekelwe ikakhulukazi ku-veratrorum yezinto zokwelapha zendabuko zaseShayina, ezingezwe ngezinto zokwelapha zemvelo., i-Veratrotoin nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo eziningi zilungiswa ndawonye, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-solvents ehlukene isetshenziselwa ukukhipha ngokuqhubekayo izinto zokwelapha ze-botanical, ukuze kwandiswe ukuhlanzwa kanye nemvula yezingxenye ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo ezintweni zokwelapha ze-botanical ngezigaba.Ukuthola izingxenye zeqembu zezinhlanganisela ezinomsebenzi ohlukile noma ukusebenza okufanayo kusukela kuqoqo elifanayo lezinto zokusetshenziswa.Thuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zezitshalo, unciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza, futhi ukhulise kakhulu ukuncintisana kwemakethe.
Ucwaningo mayelana nendlela yokusebenza kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-Veratrum.I-Veratrol rhizome extract iwuhlobo lwengxube, equkethe izithako ezisebenzayo ezingaphezu kweshumi njenge-veratrol, i-resveratrol, i-veratrotoin, i-cyclopamine, i-veratrol, ne-resveratrol oxide.Isimiso sezinzwa zezinambuzane.
Ngokwemibiko yocwaningo, ubuthi bayo busekelwe ekuvulweni kweziteshi ze-Na+ ezincike ku-voltage, okubuye kuvule iziteshi ze-Ca2+ ezisebenza ku-voltage, okuholela ekukhululweni kwe-neurotransmitter.Amashaneli e-sodium ion ane-voltage-gated ayingxenye ebalulekile yesignali ye-neuronal nemisipha.Izingxenye ezisebenzayo ekukhishweni kwe-Veratrum zingabangela ukuphazamiseka kwamanje eziteshini ze-sodium ion, okuholela ekushintsheni kokungena kwe-membrane, okubangela ukuthuthumela kokuthuthumela nokufa ekugcineni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinye izazi zaseFrance zabika ukuthi i-veratroline alkaloids ingaphinda ivimbele ngokungenakuncintisana i-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) yezinambuzane.Ngenxa yendlela yenoveli yesenzo se-veratrotrol alkaloids, ukuhlaselwa kwezindawo eziningi kungenzeka, futhi kunzima ukuthi izibungu zizivumelanise nezidakamizwa zesayithi lezinto eziningi ngokusebenzisa izinguquko zazo zesakhiwo, ngakho-ke akulula ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nezidakamizwa.
0.1% CE ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela i-hellebore rhizome.Isekelwa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhipha futhi ilekelelwa ubuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu bokulungiselela, ukushuba kwesimo somuthi kuncane, okungagoqa umzimba wesinambuzane ngokushesha, kukhuthaze ukungena nokumuncwa kwesixazululo somuthi, futhi kuthuthukise umphumela wezithako ezisebenzayo.Ine-dispersibility enhle emanzini, futhi isixazululo sisobala futhi si-homogeneous ngemva kokuhlakazeka.Izikhathi eziyi-1000 zokuhlanjululwa, isikhathi sokumanzisa ngokuphelele ishidi likaseyili imizuzwana engama-44, futhi lingamanzisa ngokushesha futhi lingene.Idatha yokuzinza kokuhlakazeka kokukhanya okuningi ibonise ukuthi ukulungiswa kokukhishwa kwe-rhizome ye-veratrum engu-0.1% kunokusimama okuhle futhi kuhlangatshezwane ngokugcwele nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwensimu.
Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo kubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa i-0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Ubuchwepheshe obusha buthuthukise kakhulu izici ezisebenza ngokushesha zomuthi.Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe obudlule, umkhiqizo unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwesithako esisodwa.Ngenqubo eyingqayizivele, izithako zomkhiqizo ziningi kakhulu, futhi umphumela we-synergistic ubonakala ngokucacile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho isetshenziswa kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezikhona, okokuqala, inganciphisa kakhulu isisekelo sabantu sezibungu zesicabucabu esibomvu, inciphise inani lezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali futhi ithuthukise umphumela wokulawula.Ukufingqa, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezinambuzane ezisawolintshi i-Panonychus mite e-Hezhou, e-Guangxi, e-China, ukufafaza ngo-0.1% CE I-Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% ye-etoxazole yasebenza emizuzwini engu-20, azikho izinambuzane eziphilayo ezabonwa ezinsukwini ezingu-3 ngemva kokufakwa kwesicelo, futhi umphumela wokulawula wawuyizinsuku eziyi-11 ngemuva kwesicelo.ingagcinwa ingaphezulu kwama-95%.Esigabeni sokuqala se-Jiangxi Ruijin inkaba ewolintshi i-citrus panclaw mites, i-0.1% CE I-Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% ye-tetramizine bifenazate yonke yafa ngosuku olungu-1 ngemuva kokufakwa kwesicelo, futhi azikho izinambuzane eziphilayo ezibonwe ezinsukwini ezi-3 ngemuva kokufakwa kwesicelo., umphumela wokulawula usondele ku-99% ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-16.
Imiphumela ye-bioassay yasensimini engenhla ibonisa ukuthi uma inani eliyisisekelo lezibungu ezibomvu liphansi noma liphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti eyodwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali namakhemikhali, ukukhishwa kwe-rhizome ye-Veratella vulgaris kunganciphisa inani eliyisisekelo lezibungu ezibomvu futhi kuthuthukise ukulawula. umphumela wezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.Ibonise umphumela wokulawula omuhle kakhulu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-rhizome ekhishwe i-hellebore itholakala ezitshalweni.Ngesikhathi sokuhlushwa okunconywayo, kuphephile ukusetshenziswa ezigabeni zokuhluma, ukuqhakaza, nezithelo ezincane zezitshalo eziningi, futhi akunawo umthelela ekwandeni kwamahlumela, izimbali nezithelo.Iphephile futhi ayihambisani nemvelo ezintweni ezingahlosiwe njengezitha zemvelo zezibungu, futhi ayinakho ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane nama-acaricide akhona.Ifaneleka kakhulu ekuphathweni okudidiyelwe kwezibungu (IPM).Futhi ngokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali, izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ezifana ne-etoxazole, i-spirodiclofen, ne-bifenazate ku-citrus zingahlangabezana ngokugcwele ne-“China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limites of Pesticides in Foods”, “European Union Ukudla”.I-Pesticide Residue Limit Standard kanye ne-US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard in Foods inikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinile sokuphepha kokudla kanye nekhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezolimo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela i-Gene bukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezimboni kwe-hellebore
I-Hellebore iyisisetshenziswa esivamile somuthi futhi iyikhambi elingapheli lomndeni wakwaLiliaceae.Imila ezintabeni, emahlathini noma ezihlahleni.Isatshalaliswa eShanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu nakwezinye izindawo eChina.Inothile ngemithombo yasendle.Ngokophenyo, umphumela wonyaka we-hellebore yokwelapha usondele kumathani angama-300-500, futhi izinhlobo zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi, njenge-hellebore, i-Xing'an hellebore, i-maosu hellebore, ne-Guling hellebore, futhi izingxenye ezisebenzayo zohlobo ngalunye ziyi akufani.
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-biotechnology kanye nocwaningo olujulile ngezinto zokwelapha i-hellebore, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zokwelapha ze-hellebore kanye nokufuywa kokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ze-hellebore zasendle kuye kwathuthuka ngezigaba.Ukutshalwa kokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ze-hellebore kuzonciphisa kakhulu umonakalo wokumba i-hellebore emithonjeni ye-germplasm yasendle, futhi kuqhubeke kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ze-hellebore emkhakheni wezolimo kanye nomkhakha wezokwelapha.
Ngokuzayo, izingcaphuno zemvelo ze-hellebore ezitholakala ezitshalweni zokwelapha kulindeleke ukuthi zinciphise kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwama-acaricides amakhemikhali endabuko, futhi zenze ezinye intuthuko ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezolimo, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, ukuthuthukisa imvelo yezolimo. kanye nokugcina izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.umnikelo omkhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-08-2022