Umonakalo ezitshalweni obangelwa ukuncintisana nokhula kanye nezinye izinambuzane okuhlanganisa amagciwane, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, kanye nezinambuzane ulimaza kakhulu umkhiqizo wazo futhi kwezinye izimo ungabhubhisa ngokuphelele isivuno. Namuhla, isivuno sezitshalo esithembekile sitholakala ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezingamelani nezifo, imikhuba yokulawula izinto eziphilayo, kanye nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izifo zezitshalo, izinambuzane, ukhula, kanye nezinye izinambuzane. Ngo-1983, kwasetshenziswa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 ezitshalweni zezibulala-zinambuzane—ngaphandle kwemithi yokubulala ukhula—ukuvikela nokunciphisa umonakalo ezitshalweni ezibangelwa izifo zezitshalo, ama-nematode, kanye nezinambuzane. Ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo okungenzeka uma kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kudlula kakhulu lelo nani.
Sekuyiminyaka engaba yi-100, ukuzalelana ukuze kuvikelwe izifo kube yingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizo wezolimo emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa impumelelo etholwe ngokuzalela izitshalo itholakala kakhulu ngokwesayensi futhi ingaba yesikhashana. Okusho ukuthi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nomsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo ukuze kuvikelwe izifo, izifundo zivame ukuba ezingahleliwe kunokuba kube ukuhlola okuqondiswe ngqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimiphi imiphumela ingaba yesikhashana ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo samagciwane nezinye izinambuzane njengoba ulwazi olusha lwezakhi zofuzo lufakwa ezinhlelweni zezolimo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Isibonelo esihle kakhulu somphumela wokushintsha kwezakhi zofuzo yisici sempova esingenamvubelo esakhelwe ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezinkulu zommbila ukusiza ekukhiqizweni kwembewu ehlanganisiwe. Izitshalo eziqukethe i-Texas (T) cytoplasm zidlulisela lesi sici esingenamvubelo sesilisa nge-cytoplasm; sihlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lwe-mitochondrion. Abafuyi bezitshalo abazi ukuthi lezi mitochondria nazo zazinobuthakathaka ekuthintweni okukhiqizwa yi-fungus ebangela izifo.I-Helminthosporiumi-maydisUmphumela waba ubhubhane lwesifo samaqabunga ommbila eNyakatho Melika ehlobo lika-1970.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswe ekutholakaleni kwamakhemikhali okubulala izinambuzane nazo bezilokhu ziwubufakazi bobufakazi. Njengoba kunolwazi oluncane noma lungekho nhlobo ngendlela yokusebenza, amakhemikhali ayahlolwa ukuze kukhethwe lawo abulala isinambuzane esiqondiwe, isikhunta, noma ukhula kodwa angalimazi isitshalo noma imvelo.
Izindlela zokuhlola ziye zaveza impumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni ezinye izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ukhula, izifo zesikhunta, kanye nezinambuzane, kodwa umzabalazo uyaqhubeka, njengoba izinguquko zofuzo kulezi zinambuzane zivame ukubuyisela ubungozi bazo phezu kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingamelani noma zenze izinambuzane zingamelani nesibulala-zinambuzane. Okungekho kulo mjikelezo obonakala ungapheli wokuzwela nokumelana nokuqonda okucacile kokubili izinto eziphilayo kanye nezitshalo ezizihlaselayo. Njengoba ulwazi lwezinambuzane—izakhi zofuzo zazo, i-biochemistry, kanye ne-physiology, abasingathi bazo kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo—kuzokwakhiwa izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane eziqondiswa kangcono futhi ezisebenza kahle.
Lesi sahluko siveza izindlela eziningana zocwaningo zokuqonda kangcono izindlela eziyisisekelo zezinto eziphilayo ezingasetshenziswa ukulawula izifo nezinambuzane zezitshalo. I-molecular biology inikeza amasu amasha okuhlukanisa nokufunda isenzo sezakhi zofuzo. Ukuba khona kwezitshalo ezithwala izifo ezithathelwanayo nezimelana nazo kanye nezifo ezithwala izifo ezithelelanayo nezithelelanayo kungasetshenziswa ukuhlonza nokuhlukanisa izakhi zofuzo ezilawula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-host kanye ne-pathogen. Izifundo zesakhiwo esihle salezi zakhi zofuzo zingaholela emibonweni mayelana nokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezimbili kanye nokulawulwa kwalezi zakhi zofuzo ku-pathogen nasezicutshini zesitshalo. Kufanele kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo ukuthuthukisa izindlela namathuba okudluliselwa kwezici ezifiselekayo zokumelana nezitshalo zezitshalo, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudala izifo ezithelelanayo ezizoba yingozi ngokumelene nokhula olukhethiwe noma izinambuzane ezidla izinambuzane. Ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwe-neurobiology yezinambuzane kanye ne-chemistry kanye nesenzo sezinto eziguqulayo, njenge-hormone ye-endocrine elawula ukuguqulwa kwesimo, ukwehla kwesisindo, kanye nokuzala, kuzovula izindlela ezintsha zokulawula izinambuzane ezithelayo ngokuphazamisa i-physiology yazo kanye nokuziphatha kwazo ezigabeni ezibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-14-2021