Ukulimala kwezitshalo okubangelwa ukuncintisana kokhula nezinye izinambuzane ezihlanganisa amagciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta, nezinambuzane kukhinyabeza kakhulu ukukhiqiza kwazo futhi kwezinye izimo kungabhubhisa isitshalo ngokuphelele.Namuhla, isivuno esinokwethenjelwa sitholakala ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo, izindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo, nangokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kunqandwe izifo zezitshalo, izinambuzane, ukhula nezinye izinambuzane.Ngo-1983, kwachithwa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,3 ekuthengeni izibulala-zinambuzane—ngaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane—ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kuncishiswe umonakalo ezitshalweni ezibangelwa izifo zezitshalo, ama-nematode, nezinambuzane.Ukulahleka kwezitshalo okungase kube khona lapho kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kulidlula kakhulu lelo nani.
Cishe iminyaka eyi-100, ukuzalanisa ukumelana nezifo bekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqiza kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke.Kodwa impumelelo etholakala ngokuzalanisa izitshalo inamandla kakhulu futhi ingaba yisikhashana.Okusho ukuthi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nomsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo zokungazweli, izifundo zivame ukuba ngokungahleliwe kunokuhlola okuqondiwe ngokuqondile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimiphi imiphumela ingaba yesikhashana ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo samagciwane nezinye izinambuzane njengoba ulwazi olusha lwezakhi zofuzo lwethulwa ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-agroecological.
Isibonelo esihle kakhulu somphumela woshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo uhlobo lwempova oyinyumba oluzalaniswa ezinhlobonhlobo zombila ezinkulu ukusiza ekukhiqizeni imbewu eyingxube.Izitshalo eziqukethe i-cytoplasm yaseTexas (T) zidlulisela lesi sici sowesilisa oyinyumba nge-cytoplasm;ihlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lwe-mitochondrion.Abafuyi abangaziwa, le mitochondria iphinde ibe sengozini yobuthi obukhiqizwa isikhunta se-pathogenic.I-Helminthosporiummaydis.Umphumela waba ubhadane lwe-corn leaf blight eNyakatho Melika ehlobo lika-1970.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswe ekutholweni kwamakhemikhali ezibulala-zinambuzane nazo ziye zasebenza kakhulu.Ngolwazi oluncane noma olungekho ngaphambili lwendlela yokwenza, amakhemikhali ayahlolwa ukuze kukhethwe lawo abulala isinambuzane, ukhunta, noma ukhula kodwa angalimazi isitshalo noma indawo ezungezile.
Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zikhiqize impumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni ezinye izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi ukhula, izifo ezikhuntayo, nezinambuzane, kodwa umzabalazo uyaqhubeka, njengoba izinguquko zofuzo kulezi zinambuzane zivame ukubuyisela ubungako bazo ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezingazweli noma zenze izinambuzane zimelane nesibulala-zinambuzane. .Okushodayo kulo mjikelezo obonakala ungapheli wokuthambekela nokungazweli ukuqonda okucacile kwakho kokubili okuphilayo nezitshalo ezihlaselayo.Njengoba ulwazi lwezinambuzane—izakhi zazo zofuzo, i-biochemistry, ne-physiology, abasingathi bazo kanye nokusebenzelana phakathi kwazo—kuzosungulwa izindlela eziqondiswe kangcono nezisebenza ngempumelelo zokulawula izinambuzane.
Lesi sahluko sihlonza izindlela ezimbalwa zocwaningo zokuqonda kangcono izindlela eziyisisekelo zebhayoloji ezingase zisetshenziswe ukulawula amagciwane ezitshalo nezinambuzane.I-molecular biology inikeza amasu amasha okuhlukanisa nokufunda isenzo sezakhi zofuzo.Ubukhona bezitshalo ezingaba sengozini nezimelana nazo kanye nama-pathogens ayingozi nayingozi kungasetshenziselwa ukuhlonza nokuhlukanisa izakhi zofuzo ezilawula ukusebenzisana phakathi komsingathi kanye ne-pathogen.Ucwaningo lwesakhiwo esihle salezi zakhi zofuzo lungaholela emibonweni mayelana nokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo okwenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezimbili kanye nokulawulwa kwalezi zakhi zofuzo ku-pathogen nasezicutshini zesitshalo.Kufanele kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo ukuthuthukisa izindlela namathuba okudluliselwa kwezici ezifiselekayo zokumelana nezitshalo zezitshalo futhi, ngokuphambene, ukudala amagciwane azoba yingozi ngokumelene nokhula olukhethiwe noma izinambuzane ze-arthropod.Ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwe-insect neurobiology kanye ne-chemistry kanye nesenzo sezinto ezishintshayo, njengama-hormone e-endocrine alawula i-metamorphosis, i-diapause, kanye nokuzala, kuzovula izindlela ezintsha zokulawula izinambuzane ngokuphazamisa i-physiology nokuziphatha kwazo ezigabeni ezibucayi emjikelezweni wokuphila. .
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-14-2021