Ukuvinjelwa kwakamuva eYurophu kuwubufakazi bokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuncipha kwenani lezinyosi. I-Environmental Protection Agency ihlonze izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-70 ezinobuthi obukhulu ezinyosini. Nazi izigaba eziyinhloko zezibulala-zinambuzane ezixhunywe ekufeni kwezinyosi kanye nokuncipha kwe-pollinator.
I-Neonicotinoids I-Neonicotinoids (i-neonics) iyikilasi lezinambuzane ezisebenza ngokujwayelekile ezihlasela isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi sezinambuzane, okubangela ukukhubazeka nokufa. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinsalela ze-neonicotinoid zinganqwabelana empovani kanye nompe wezitshalo ezilashwayo, okubeka ingozi engaba khona kuma-pollinator. Ngenxa yalokhu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okusabalele, kunokukhathazeka okukhulu kokuthi ama-neonicotinoids adlala indima enkulu ekwehleni kwe-pollinator.
Ama-insecticide e-Neonicotinoid nawo ayaphikelela emvelweni futhi, lapho esetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwembewu, adluliselwa kumpova nezinsalela zompe zezitshalo ezilashwayo. Imbewu eyodwa yanele ukubulala inyoni eculayo. Lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zingaphinde zingcolise imizila yamanzi futhi zinobuthi kakhulu ezimpilweni zasemanzini. Icala lezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid libonisa izinkinga ezimbili ezibalulekile ngezinqubo zamanje zokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nezindlela zokuhlola ubungozi: ukuncika ocwaningweni lwesayensi oluxhaswe yimboni olungahambisani nocwaningo olubuyekezwe ngontanga, kanye nokungalungi kwezinqubo zamanje zokuhlola ubungozi ukuze kulandelwe imiphumela eyingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane.
I-Sulfoxaflor yabhaliswa okokuqala ngo-2013 futhi idale impikiswano enkulu. I-Suloxaflor uhlobo olusha lwesibulala-zinambuzane se-sulfenimide esinezici zamakhemikhali ezifana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Ngemuva kwesinqumo senkantolo, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yabhalisa kabusha i-sulfenamide ngo-2016, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuchayeka ezinyosini. Kodwa ngisho noma lokhu kunciphisa izingosi zokusetshenziswa futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ubuthi be-systemic be-sulfoxaflor buqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo ngeke ziqede ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhemikhali. Ama-pyrethroids nawo abonisiwe ukuthikameza ukufunda nokuziphatha kwezinyosi. I-Pyrethroids ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokufa kwezinyosi futhi kutholakale ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kwezinyosi, ukunciphisa izinga lapho izinyosi zikhula zibe abantu abadala, futhi zandise isikhathi sokungavuthwa kwazo. Ama-pyrethroids atholakala kakhulu empovani. Ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka i-bifenthrin, i-deltamethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-phenethrin, ne-permethrin. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni izinambuzane zasendlini kanye nezotshani, iFipronil iyisibulala-zinambuzane esinobuthi obukhulu ezinambuzaneni. Inobuthi obusesilinganisweni futhi iye yahlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwamahomoni, umdlavuza wegilo, i-neurotoxicity, nemiphumela yokuzala. I-Fipronil ikhonjiswe ukunciphisa ukusebenza kokuziphatha kanye namakhono okufunda ezinyosini. Ama-Organophosphates. Ama-Organophosphates afana ne-malathion ne-spikenard asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulawula omiyane futhi angabeka izinyosi engozini. Zombili zinobuthi obuphezulu ezinyosini nakwezinye izidalwa ezingahlosiwe, futhi ukufa kwezinyosi kubikwe ngezifutho ezinobuthi obuphansi kakhulu. Izinyosi zichayeka ngokungaqondile kulezi zibulala-zinambuzane ngokusebenzisa izinsalela ezishiywe ezitshalweni nakwezinye izindawo ngemva kokufuthwa komiyane. Impova, i-wax noju kutholakale ukuthi kuqukethe izinsalela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-12-2023