Ukuvinjelwa kwamuva nje eYurophu kuwubufakazi bokukhathazeka okwandayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokwehla kwenani lezinyosi. I-Environmental Protection Agency ithole izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-70 ezinobuthi kakhulu ezinyosini. Nazi izigaba eziyinhloko zezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlobene nokufa kwezinyosi kanye nokwehla kwezintuthwane ezithutha impova.
Ama-Neonicotinoids Ama-Neonicotinoids (ama-neonic) ayisigaba semithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyindlela yokusebenza kwayo evamile ehlasela isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko sezinambuzane, okubangela ukukhubazeka nokufa. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinsalela ze-neonicotinoid zinganqwabelana empoveni nasempeni yezitshalo eziphathwe ngemithi, okubeka ingozi engaba khona kubathuthi bemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Ngenxa yalokhu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kabanzi, kukhona ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuthi ama-neonicotinoids adlala indima ebalulekile ekwehleni kwabathuthi bemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Neonicotinoid nazo zihlala zikhona emvelweni futhi, uma zisetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwembewu, zidluliselwa ezinsaleleni zempova kanye ne-nectar zezitshalo eziphathwe kahle. Imbewu eyodwa yanele ukubulala inyoni eculayo. Lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zingangcolisa nemizila yamanzi futhi zinobuthi kakhulu ezimpilweni zasemanzini. Icala lezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid libonisa izinkinga ezimbili ezibalulekile ngezinqubo zamanje zokubhalisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ubungozi: ukuncika ocwaningweni lwesayensi oluxhaswe yimboni olungahambisani nocwaningo olubuyekezwe ontanga, kanye nokunganeli kwezinqubo zamanje zokuhlola ubungozi ukuze kuchazwe imiphumela engaphansi kwebulalayo yezibulala-zinambuzane.
I-Sulfoxaflor yabhaliswa okokuqala ngo-2013 futhi idale impikiswano enkulu. I-Suloxaflor uhlobo olusha lwesibulala-zinambuzane se-sulfenimide esinezici zamakhemikhali ezifana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid. Ngemva kwesinqumo senkantolo, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yabhalisa kabusha i-sulfenamide ngo-2016, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukuze inciphise ukuchayeka ezinyosini. Kodwa noma lokhu kunciphisa izindawo zokusetshenziswa futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ubuthi be-sulfoxaflor buqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo ngeke ziqede ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa kwaleli khemikhali. Ama-pyrethroids nawo abonakaliswe ukuthi ayaphazamisa ukufunda nokuziphatha kwezinyosi. Ama-pyrethroids avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokufa kwezinyosi futhi kutholakale ukuthi anciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kwezinyosi, anciphise izinga lapho izinyosi zikhula zibe ngabantu abadala, futhi andise isikhathi sazo sokungavuthwa. Ama-pyrethroids atholakala kabanzi kumpova. Ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka i-bifenthrin, i-deltamethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-phenethrin, kanye ne-permethrin. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni izinambuzane zangaphakathi nasetshanini, i-Fipronil iyisibulala-zinambuzane esinobuthi obukhulu ezinambuzaneni. Inobuthi obuphakathi futhi ihlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwamahomoni, umdlavuza we-thyroid, ubuthi be-neuro, kanye nemiphumela yokuzala. I-Fipronil iboniswe ukuthi inciphisa ukusebenza kokuziphatha kanye nekhono lokufunda ezinyosini. Ama-Organophosphate. Ama-Organophosphate afana ne-malathion kanye ne-spikenard asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulawula omiyane futhi angabeka izinyosi engozini. Zombili zinobuthi obukhulu ezinyosini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingahlosiwe, futhi ukufa kwezinyosi kubikwe ngokufutha okunobuthi obuphansi kakhulu. Izinyosi zivezwa ngokungaqondile kulezi zibulala-zinambuzane ngezinsalela ezishiywe ezitshalweni nakwezinye izindawo ngemva kokufutha omiyane. Impova, i-wax kanye noju kutholakale ukuthi kuqukethe izinsalela.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba 12-2023