Ukuvinjelwa kwakamuva eYurophu kuwubufakazi bokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokuncipha kwenani lezinyosi.I-Environmental Protection Agency ihlonze izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-70 ezinobuthi obukhulu ezinyosini.Nazi izigaba eziyinhloko zezibulala-zinambuzane ezixhunywe ekufeni kwezinyosi kanye nokuncipha kwe-pollinator.
I-Neonicotinoids I-Neonicotinoids (i-neonics) iyikilasi lezinambuzane ezisebenza ngokujwayelekile zihlasela isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi sezinambuzane, okubangela ukukhubazeka nokufa.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinsalela ze-neonicotinoid zinganqwabelana empovani kanye nompe wezitshalo ezilashwayo, okubeka ingozi engaba khona kuma-pollinator.Ngenxa yalokhu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okusabalele, kunokukhathazeka okukhulu kokuthi ama-neonicotinoids adlala indima enkulu ekwehleni kwe-pollinator.
Ama-insecticide e-Neonicotinoid nawo ayaphikelela emvelweni futhi, lapho esetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwembewu, adluliselwa kumpova nezinsalela zompe zezitshalo ezilashwayo.Imbewu eyodwa yanele ukubulala inyoni eculayo.Lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zingaphinde zingcolise imizila yamanzi futhi zinobuthi kakhulu ezimpilweni zasemanzini.Icala lezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid libonisa izinkinga ezimbili ezibalulekile ngezinqubo zamanje zokubhaliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ubungozi: ukuncika ocwaningweni lwesayensi oluxhaswe yimboni olungahambisani nocwaningo olubuyekezwe ngontanga, kanye nokuntuleka kwezinqubo zokuhlola ubungozi zamanje ukuze kulandelwe imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu izibulala-zinambuzane.
I-Sulfoxaflor yabhaliswa okokuqala ngo-2013 futhi idale impikiswano enkulu.I-Suloxaflor uhlobo olusha lwesibulala-zinambuzane se-sulfenimide esinezici zamakhemikhali ezifana nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-neonicotinoid.Ngemuva kwesinqumo senkantolo, i-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yabhalisa kabusha i-sulfenamide ngo-2016, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuchayeka ezinyosini.Kodwa ngisho noma lokhu kunciphisa izingosi zokusetshenziswa futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ubuthi be-systemic be-sulfoxaflor buqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo ngeke ziqede ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhemikhali.Ama-pyrethroids nawo abonisiwe ukuthikameza ukufunda nokuziphatha kwezinyosi.I-Pyrethroids ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokufa kwezinyosi futhi kutholwe ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kwezinyosi, ukunciphisa izinga lapho izinyosi zikhula zibe abantu abadala, futhi zandise isikhathi sazo sokungavuthwa.Ama-pyrethroids atholakala kakhulu empovani.Ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka i-bifenthrin, i-deltamethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-phenethrin, ne-permethrin.Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulawuleni izinambuzane zasendlini kanye nezotshani, iFipronil iyisibulala-zinambuzane esinobuthi obukhulu ezinambuzaneni.Inobuthi obusesilinganisweni futhi iye yahlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwamahomoni, umdlavuza wegilo, i-neurotoxicity, nemiphumela yokuzala.I-Fipronil ikhonjiswe ukunciphisa ukusebenza kokuziphatha kanye namakhono okufunda ezinyosini.Ama-Organophosphates.Ama-Organophosphates afana ne-malathion ne-spikenard asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulawula omiyane futhi angabeka izinyosi engozini.Zombili zinobuthi obuphezulu ezinyosini nakwezinye izidalwa ezingahlosiwe, futhi ukufa kwezinyosi kubikwe ngezifutho ezinobuthi obuphansi kakhulu.Izinyosi zichayeka ngokungaqondile kulezi zibulala-zinambuzane ngokusebenzisa izinsalela ezishiywe ezitshalweni nakwezinye izindawo ngemva kokufuthwa komiyane.Impova, i-wax noju kutholakale ukuthi kuqukethe izinsalela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-12-2023