I-Florfenicol, i-thiamphenicol etholakala nge-monofluorinated derivative, iyisidakamizwa esisha se-chloramphenicol esilwa namagciwane esibanzi sokusetshenziswa kwezilwane, esathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980.
Uma kunezifo ezivamile, amapulazi amaningi ezingulube asebenzisa i-florfenicol njalo ukuvimbela noma ukwelapha izifo zezingulube. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo luni lwesifo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu noma isigaba, abanye abalimi basebenzisa umthamo omkhulu we-florfenicol ukwelapha noma ukuvimbela isifo. I-Florfenicol akuyona ikhambi. Kumele isetshenziswe ngokufanele ukuze kufezwe umphumela oyifunayo. Okulandelayo yisingeniso esiningiliziwe somqondo ojwayelekile wokusetshenziswa kwe-florfenicol, ngethemba lokusiza wonke umuntu:
1. Izakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane ze-florfenicol
(1) I-Florfenicol umuthi wama-antibiotic one-spectrum ebanzi yokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene namagciwane ahlukahlukene e-Gram-positive kanye ne-negative kanye ne-mycoplasma. Amagciwane azwelayo afaka phakathi i-bovine kanye ne-porcine Haemophilus, i-Shigella dysenteriae, i-Salmonella, i-Escherichia coli, i-Pneumococcus, i-Influenza bacillus, i-Streptococcus, i-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Chlamydia, i-Leptospira, i-Rickettsia, njll. umphumela ongcono wokuvimbela.
(2) Ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kanye ne-in vivo kubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi wayo wokulwa namagciwane ungcono kakhulu kunowemithi yamanje yokulwa namagciwane, njenge-thiamphenicol, i-oxytetracycline, i-tetracycline, i-ampicillin kanye nama-quinolone asetshenziswa kabanzi njengamanje.
(3) I-florfenicol esebenza ngokushesha ingafinyelela izinga lokwelapha egazini ihora eli-1 ngemuva kokujova nge-intramuscular, futhi izinga eliphezulu lomuthi lingafinyelelwa emahoreni angu-1.5-3; izinga lomuthi wegazi elisebenza isikhathi eside neliphumelelayo lingagcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angu-20 ngemva kokuphathwa okukodwa.
(4) Ingangena phakathi kwesithiyo segazi nobuchopho, futhi umphumela wayo wokwelapha i-meningitis yamagciwane ezilwaneni awufani noweminye imithi yokulwa namagciwane.
(5) Ayinawo ubuthi kanye nemiphumela emibi uma isetshenziswa ngenani elinconywayo, inqoba ingozi ye-aplastic anemia kanye nobunye ubuthi obubangelwa yi-thiamphenicol, futhi ngeke ibangele umonakalo ezilwaneni nasekudleni. Isetshenziselwa ukutheleleka kwezingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba okubangelwa amagciwane ezilwaneni. Ukwelashwa kwezingulube, okuhlanganisa ukuvimbela nokwelapha izifo zokuphefumula zamagciwane, i-meningitis, i-pleurisy, i-mastitis, izifo zamathumbu kanye ne-postpartum syndrome ezingulubeni.
2. Amagciwane athintekayo e-florfenicol kanye nesifo sezingulube esithandwayo se-florfenicol
(1) Izifo zezingulube lapho i-florfenicol ithandwa khona
Lo mkhiqizo unconywa njengomuthi okhethwayo we-pig pneumonia, i-porcine infectious pleuropneumonia kanye nesifo se-Haemophilus parasuis, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni amagciwane amelana ne-fluoroquinolones kanye namanye ama-antibiotic.
(2) I-Florfenicol ingasetshenziswa futhi ekwelapheni izifo zezingulube ezilandelayo
Ingasetshenziswa futhi ekwelapheni izifo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa yi-Streptococcus (pneumonia) ehlukahlukene, i-Bordetella bronchiseptica (atrophic rhinitis), i-Mycoplasma pneumoniae (i-swine asthma), njll.; i-salmonellosis (i-piglet paratyphoid), i-colibacillosis (i-piglet asthma) Izifo zomgudu wokugaya ukudla ezifana ne-enteritis ebangelwa uhudo oluphuzi, uhudo olumhlophe, isifo se-piglet edema) kanye namanye amagciwane azwelayo. I-Florfenicol ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni lezi zifo zezingulube, kodwa akuyona imithi ekhethwayo yalezi zifo zezingulube, ngakho-ke kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuqapha.
3. Ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwe-florfenicol
(1) Umthamo mkhulu kakhulu noma mncane kakhulu. Amanye amanani okuphakelwa ahlanganisiwe afinyelela ku-400 mg/kg, kanti amanani omjovo afinyelela ku-40-100 mg/kg, noma ngaphezulu nakakhulu. Amanye amancane njengo-8~15mg/kg. Amanani amakhulu anobuthi, kanti amanani amancane awasebenzi.
(2) Isikhathi side kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa.
(3) Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto nezigaba akulungile. Izingulube ezikhulelwe nezikhuluphalisayo zisebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinjalo ngokungakhethi, okubangela ubuthi noma izinsalela zezidakamizwa, okuholela ekukhiqizweni nasekudleni okungaphephile.
(4) Ukuhambisana okungalungile. Abanye abantu bavame ukusebenzisa i-florfenicol kanye ne-sulfonamides kanye ne-cephalosporins. Ukuthi ngabe kungokwesayensi futhi kunengqondo yini kufanelekile ukuhlola.
(5) Ukudla okuxubile kanye nokuphathwa akuxutshwanga ngokulinganayo, okuholela ekutheni kungabi namphumela wemithi noma ubuthi bezidakamizwa.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ze-florfenicol
(1) Lo mkhiqizo akufanele uhlanganiswe nama-macrolide (njenge-tylosin, i-erythromycin, i-roxithromycin, i-tilmicosin, i-guitarmycin, i-azithromycin, i-clarithromycin, njll.), i-lincosamide (njenge-lincomycin, i-clindamycin) kanye nama-antibiotic e-diterpenoid semi-synthetic - inhlanganisela ye-Tiamulin, uma ihlanganiswe ingaveza umphumela wokuphikisa.
(2) Lo mkhiqizo awukwazi ukusetshenziswa kanye nama-β-lactone amines (njenge-penicillins, i-cephalosporins) kanye nama-fluoroquinolones (njenge-enrofloxacin, i-ciprofloxacin, njll.), ngoba lo mkhiqizo uyisivimbeli seprotheyini yamabhaktheriya I-ejenti ye-bacteriostatic esebenza ngokushesha, le yokugcina iyi-bactericide esebenza ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sale yokuqala, ukwakheka kwamaprotheni ebhaktheriya kuvinjelwa ngokushesha, amabhaktheriya ayayeka ukukhula nokwanda, futhi umphumela wamagciwane wesibili uba buthaka. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukwelashwa kudinga ukuba nomphumela wokubulala amagciwane ngokushesha, awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ndawonye.
(3) Lo mkhiqizo awukwazi ukuhlanganiswa ne-sulfadiazine sodium ukuze kujovwe nge-intramuscular. Akufanele usetshenziswe kanye nemithi ye-alkaline lapho unikezwa ngomlomo noma nge-intramuscular, ukuze kugwenywe ukubola nokwehluleka. Futhi awufaneleki ukujova nge-intravenous nge-tetracycline hydrochloride, kanamycin, adenosine triphosphate, coenzyme A, njll., ukuze kugwenywe imvula nokwehla kokusebenza kahle.
(4) Ukuwohloka kwemisipha kanye ne-necrosis kungabangelwa ngemva kokujova nge-intramuscular. Ngakho-ke, ingajovwa ngokushintshana emisipheni ejulile yentamo kanye nezinqe, futhi akukhuthazwa ukuphinda imijovo endaweni efanayo.
(5) Ngenxa yokuthi lo mkhiqizo ungase ube nobuthi obungabangelwa umbungu, kufanele usetshenziswe ngokucophelela ezinsikazini ezikhulelwe nezincelisayo.
(6) Uma izinga lokushisa lomzimba lezingulube ezigulayo liphezulu, lingasetshenziswa kanye nemithi yokwelapha ubuhlungu elwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-dexamethasone, futhi umphumela uba ngcono.
(7) Ekuvimbeleni nasekwelapheni i-porcine respiratory syndrome (PRDC), abanye abantu batusa ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-florfenicol ne-amoxicillin, i-florfenicol ne-tylosin, kanye ne-florfenicol ne-tylosin. Kuyafaneleka, ngoba ngokombono wezokwelapha, lokhu kokubili akukwazi ukusetshenziswa kuhlanganiswe. Kodwa-ke, i-florfenicol ingasetshenziswa kuhlanganiswe ne-tetracyclines njenge-doxycycline.
(8) Lo mkhiqizo unobuthi begazi. Nakuba ungeke ubangele i-bone marrow aplastic anemia engalungiseki, ukuvinjelwa okuguqukayo kwe-erythropoiesis okubangelwa yiwo kuvame kakhulu kunokwe-chloramphenicol (ekhubazekile). Akuvunyelwe ngesikhathi sokugoma noma ezilwaneni ezine-immune deficiency enkulu.
(9) Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kungabangela izinkinga zokugaya ukudla kanye nokuntuleka kwamavithamini noma izimpawu zokutheleleka ngokweqile.
(10) Ekuvimbeleni nasekwelapheni isifo sezingulube, kufanele kuqashelwe, futhi umuthi kufanele unikezwe ngokuhambisana nomthamo onqunyiwe kanye nenkambo yokwelashwa, futhi akufanele usetshenziswe kabi ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela emibi.
(11) Ezilwaneni ezinenkinga yokungasebenzi kahle kwezinso, umthamo kufanele wehliswe noma isikhathi sokuphatha kufanele sandiswe.
(12) Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi, kutholakala ukuthi izinga lokuncibilika lihamba kancane; noma isixazululo esilungisiwe sine-florfenicol, futhi sidinga ukushiswa kancane kuphela (hhayi ngaphezu kuka-45 ℃) ukuze sincibilike ngokushesha. Isixazululo esilungisiwe singcono kakhulu ukusetshenziswa zingakapheli amahora angu-48.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-09-2022